Editing Neo-Nazism (section)

====United States====
{{Further|Fascism in the United States|Radical right (United States)}}
[[File:National Socialist Movement Rally US Capitol.jpg|thumb|[[National Socialist Movement (United States)|National Socialist Movement]] rally on the west lawn of the [[United States Capitol|US Capitol]], Washington, DC, 2008]]'''Statistics'''

In 2017, following the [[Charlottesville car attack]], an [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]/[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]] poll found that 9% of Americans considered having neo-Nazi beliefs was acceptable, which back then amounted to some 22 million Americans.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2017 |title=1 in 10 say it's acceptable to hold neo-Nazi views (POLL) |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/28-approve-trumps-response-charlottesville-poll/story?id=49334079 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927140420/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/28-approve-trumps-response-charlottesville-poll/story?id=49334079 |archive-date=27 September 2024 |website=ABC News/Washington Post |quote=9 percent in a new ABC News/Washington Post poll call it acceptable to hold neo-Nazi or white supremacist views, equivalent to about 22 million Americans.}}</ref>

'''Ideology'''

The ideology of [[James H. Madole]], leader of the [[National Renaissance Party (United States)|National Renaissance Party]], was influenced by [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Blavatskian Theosophy]]. [[Helena Blavatsky]] developed a racial theory of [[evolution]], holding that the [[white race]] was the "fifth rootrace" called the [[Aryan Race]]. According to Blavatsky, Aryans had been preceded by Atlanteans who had perished in the flood that sunk the continent [[Atlantis]]. The three races that preceded the Atlanteans, in Blavatsky's view, were proto-humans; these were the [[Lemuria (continent)|Lemurians]], [[Hyperborea]]ns and the first Astral rootrace. It was on this foundation that Madole based his claims that the Aryan Race has been worshiped as "White Gods" since time immemorial and proposed a governance structure based on the Hindu [[Laws of Manu]] and its hierarchical [[Caste system in India|caste system]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodrick-Clarke |first=Nicholas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xaiaM77s6N4C |title=Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity |date=2003 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-3155-0 |pages=79–81 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605020914/https://books.google.com/books?id=xaiaM77s6N4C |archive-date=5 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Organizations and individuals'''

There are several neo-Nazi groups in the United States. The [[National Socialist Movement (United States)|National Socialist Movement]] (NSM)<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/11/us/11nazi.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all "Neo-Nazi Father Is Killed; Son, 10, Steeped in Beliefs, Is Accused"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706110149/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/11/us/11nazi.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all |date=6 July 2018 }}. ''The New York Times''. 10 May 2011.</ref> was one of largest neo-Nazi organization in the US. NSM had 400 members at its peak but is now a fraction of it.<ref name="backgroundernsm">{{Cite web |title=The National Socialist Movement|url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/national-socialist-movement |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=www.adl.org}}</ref> After World War II, new organizations formed with varying degrees of support for Nazi principles. The [[National States' Rights Party]], founded in 1958 by Edward Reed Fields and [[J. B. Stoner]], countered [[racial integration]] in the Southern United States with Nazi-inspired publications and iconography. The [[American Nazi Party]], founded by [[George Lincoln Rockwell]] in 1959, achieved high-profile coverage in the press through its public demonstrations.<ref>Kaplan, Jeffrey, ''[[Encyclopedia of White Power]]: A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right'' (Rowman Altamira, 2000), pp. 1–3.</ref>

The [[Institute for Historical Review]], formed in 1978, is a [[Holocaust denial]] body associated with neo-Nazism.<ref name="ADL">[https://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/historical_review.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=3&item=ihr "Extremism in America: Institute for Historical Review"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115233810/https://www.adl.org/Learn/ext_us/historical_review.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=3&item=ihr|date=15 January 2013}}, [[Anti-Defamation League]]. Retrieved 28 February 2007.</ref>

Groups like the terrorist group [[Atomwaffen Division]] grew after the [[Unite the Right rally]], recruiting those radicalized by its failure.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Southern Poverty Law Centre]]|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2020/06/23/there-no-political-solution-accelerationism-white-power-movement|title='THERE IS NO POLITICAL SOLUTION': ACCELERATIONISM IN THE WHITE POWER MOVEMENT|date=30 October 2023|access-date=October 31, 2023|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208223018/https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2020/06/23/there-no-political-solution-accelerationism-white-power-movement|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=30 October 2023|quote=Overall, AWD’s popularity swelled following the ‘Unite the Right’ rally in Charlottesville, VA, in August 2017|url=https://thesoufancenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/The-Atomwaffen-Division-The-Evolution-of-the-White-Supremacy-Threat-August-2020-.pdf|work=[[Soufan Center]]|title=THE ATOMWAFFEN DIVISION: The Evolution of the White Supremacy Threat|access-date=October 31, 2023|archive-date=October 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011211814/https://thesoufancenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/The-Atomwaffen-Division-The-Evolution-of-the-White-Supremacy-Threat-August-2020-.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 

In 2022, famous rapper [[Kanye West]] stated that he identifies as a Nazi, denying the Holocaust and praising the policies of Adolf Hitler.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Levin |first=Bess |date=December 1, 2022 |title=Kanye West, Donald Trump's Dining Companion, Tells Alex Jones, "I'm a Nazi," Lists Things He Loves About Hitler |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2022/12/kanye-west-alex-jones-donald-trump-hitler |access-date=December 5, 2022 |magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref>

{{See also|Elon Musk#Accusations of antisemitism}}

In 2025, [[Elon Musk]] was widely criticized by governments, media outlets, and watchdog groups after making a gesture during a public speech that many interpreted as a Nazi salute, intensifying concerns about his association with extremist views and antisemitic conspiracy theories.<ref name="Condon 2025">{{Cite web |last=Condon |first=Bernard |date=2025-01-21 |title=Musk's straight-arm gesture embraced by right-wing extremists regardless of what he meant |url=https://apnews.com/article/musk-gesture-salute-antisemitism-0070dae53c7a73397b104ae645877535 |access-date=2025-01-22 |work=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref>

'''Between freedom of speech and national security threats'''

The [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution]] guarantees [[freedom of speech]], which the courts have interpreted very broadly to include [[hate speech]], severely limiting the government's authority to suppress it.<ref>{{cite web |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=11 June 2008 |title=Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is protected in U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/americas/11iht-hate.4.13645369.html |url-access=limited |access-date=February 21, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> This allows political organizations great latitude in expressing Nazi, racist, and antisemitic views. A landmark First Amendment case was ''[[National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie]]'', in which neo-Nazis threatened to march in a predominantly Jewish suburb of Chicago. The march never took place in Skokie, but the court ruling allowed the neo-Nazis to stage a series of demonstrations in Chicago.

Organizations which report upon neo-Nazi activities in the U.S., which may involve attacking and harassing minorities, include the American organizations [[Anti-Defamation League]] and the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]].<ref>''American Swastika: Inside the White Power Movement's Hidden Spaces of Hate'' By Pete Simi, Robert Futrell, p. 137</ref>

In 2020, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] reclassified neo-Nazis to the same threat level as ISIS. [[Christopher A. Wray|Chris Wray]], the [[Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation]], stated "Not only is the terror threat diverse, it's unrelenting."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-fbi-just-put-white-nationalists-and-neo-nazis-on-the-same-threat-level-as-isis/|title=The FBI Just Put White Nationalists and Neo-Nazis on the Same Threat Level as ISIS|last=Owen|first=Tess|date=2020-02-06|website=Vice|language=en|access-date=2020-02-07|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207000119/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/3a8awn/the-fbi-just-put-white-nationalists-and-neo-nazis-on-the-same-threat-level-as-isis|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/fbi-neo-nazi-isis-us-terror-threat-level-trump-a9323786.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/fbi-neo-nazi-isis-us-terror-threat-level-trump-a9323786.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=FBI raises neo-Nazi threat level to same as Isis
|author=Alex Woodward|date=2020-02-07|work=The Independent}}</ref>