Editing Jurassic (section)

===== Cephalopods =====
[[File:Proteroctopus ribeti.jpg|thumb|Fossil specimen of ''[[Proteroctopus]]'' from the Middle Jurassic of France, formerly thought to be world's oldest known octopus]]Ammonites were devastated by the end-Triassic extinction, with only a handful of genera belonging to the family [[Psiloceratidae]] of the suborder [[Phylloceratina]] surviving and becoming ancestral to all later Jurassic and Cretaceous ammonites. Ammonites explosively diversified during the Early Jurassic, with the orders [[Psiloceratina]], [[Ammonitina]], [[Lytoceratina]], [[Haploceratoidea|Haploceratina]], [[Perisphinctoidea|Perisphinctina]] and [[Ancyloceratina]] all appearing during the Jurassic. Ammonite faunas during the Jurassic were regional, being divided into around 20 distinguishable provinces and subprovinces in two realms, the northern high latitude Pan-Boreal realm, consisting of the Arctic, northern Panthalassa and northern Atlantic regions, and the equatorial–southern Pan-Tethyan realm, which included the Tethys and most of Panthalassa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Page |first=Kevin N. |date=January 2008 |title=The evolution and geography of Jurassic ammonoids |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001678780880257X |journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association |language=en |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=35–57 |doi=10.1016/S0016-7878(08)80257-X|bibcode=2008PrGA..119...35P }}</ref> Ammonite diversifications occurred coevally with [[marine transgression]]s, while their diversity nadirs occurred during [[marine regression]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sandoval |first1=José |last2=O'Dogherty |first2=Jean |last3=Guex |first3=Jean |date=1 August 2001 |title=Evolutionary Rates of Jurassic Ammonites in Relation to Sea-level Fluctuations |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sepm/palaios/article-abstract/16/4/311/114327/Evolutionary-Rates-of-Jurassic-Ammonites-in |journal=[[PALAIOS]] |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=311–335 |doi=10.1669/0883-1351(2001)016<0311:EROJAI>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=2001Palai..16..311S |s2cid=129982065 |access-date=26 August 2023}}</ref>

The oldest definitive records of the squid-like [[Belemnitida|belemnites]] are from the earliest Jurassic (Hettangian–Sinemurian) of Europe and Japan; they expanded worldwide during the Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Iba|first1=Yasuhiro|last2=Sano|first2=Shin-ichi|last3=Mutterlose|first3=Jörg|date=2014-05-02|editor-last=Samonds|editor-first=Karen E.|title=The Early Evolutionary History of Belemnites: New Data from Japan|journal=[[PLOS ONE]]|language=en|volume=9|issue=5|pages=e95632|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0095632|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4008418|pmid=24788872|bibcode=2014PLoSO...995632I|doi-access=free}}</ref> Belemnites were shallow-water dwellers, inhabiting the upper 200 metres of the water column on the [[Continental shelf|continental shelves]] and in the [[littoral zone]]. They were key components of Jurassic ecosystems, both as predators and prey, as evidenced by the abundance of belemnite guards in Jurassic rocks.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hoffmann|first1=René|last2=Stevens|first2=Kevin|date=February 2020|title=The palaeobiology of belemnites – foundation for the interpretation of rostrum geochemistry|journal=Biological Reviews|language=en|volume=95|issue=1|pages=94–123|doi=10.1111/brv.12557|pmid=31729839|s2cid=208036104|issn=1464-7931|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The earliest [[Vampyromorphida|vampyromorphs]], of which the only living member is the [[vampire squid]], first appeared during the Early Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fuchs|first1=Dirk|last2=Weis|first2=Robert|date=2008-07-11|title=Taxonomy, morphology and phylogeny of Lower Jurassic loligosepiid coleoids (Cephalopoda)|url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/njgpa/detail/249/59331/Taxonomy_morphology_and_phylogeny_of_Lower_Jurassi?af=crossref|journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie – Abhandlungen|language=en|volume=249|issue=1|pages=93–112|doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0249-0093|bibcode=2008NJGPA.249...93F |issn=0077-7749}}</ref> The earliest [[octopus]]es appeared during the Middle Jurassic, having split from their closest living relatives, the vampyromorphs, during the Triassic to Early Jurassic.<ref name="Fuchs-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Fuchs |first1=Dirk |last2=Iba |first2=Yasuhiro |last3=Heyng |first3=Alexander |last4=Iijima |first4=Masaya |last5=Klug |first5=Christian |last6=Larson |first6=Neal L. |last7=Schweigert |first7=Günter |date=February 2020 |editor-last=Brayard |editor-first=Arnaud |title=The Muensterelloidea: phylogeny and character evolution of Mesozoic stem octopods |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spp2.1254 |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=31–92 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1254 |bibcode=2020PPal....6...31F |issn=2056-2802 |s2cid=198256507}}</ref> All Jurassic octopuses are solely known from the hard [[Gladius (cephalopod)|gladius]].<ref name="Fuchs-2020" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fuchs|first1=Dirk|last2=Schweigert|first2=Günter|date=June 2018|title=First Middle–Late Jurassic gladius vestiges provide new evidence on the detailed origin of incirrate and cirrate octopuses (Coleoidea)|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12542-017-0399-8|journal=PalZ|language=en|volume=92|issue=2|pages=203–217|doi=10.1007/s12542-017-0399-8|bibcode=2018PalZ...92..203F |issn=0031-0220|s2cid=135245479}}</ref> Octopuses likely originated from bottom-dwelling ([[Benthic zone|benthic]]) ancestors which lived in shallow environments.<ref name="Fuchs-2020" /> ''[[Proteroctopus]]'' from the late Middle Jurassic [[La Voulte-sur-Rhône (lagerstätte)|La Voulte-sur-Rhône lagerstätte]], previously interpreted as an early octopus, is now thought to be a basal taxon outside the clade containing vampyromorphs and octopuses.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kruta|first1=Isabelle|last2=Rouget|first2=Isabelle|last3=Charbonnier|first3=Sylvain|last4=Bardin|first4=Jérémie|last5=Fernandez|first5=Vincent|last6=Germain|first6=Damien|last7=Brayard|first7=Arnaud|last8=Landman|first8=Neil|date=2016|title=Proteroctopus ribeti in coleoid evolution|journal=[[Palaeontology (journal)|Palaeontology]]|language=en|volume=59|issue=6|pages=767–773|doi=10.1111/pala.12265|bibcode=2016Palgy..59..767K |s2cid=132420410 |issn=1475-4983|doi-access=free}}</ref>