Editing Post-traumatic stress disorder (section)

=== Psychotherapy ===
Trauma-focused psychotherapies for PTSD (also known as "exposure-based" or "exposure" psychotherapies), such as prolonged exposure therapy (PE), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and cognitive-reprocessing therapy (CPT) have the most evidence for efficacy and are recommended as first-line treatment for PTSD by almost all clinical practice guidelines.<ref name="Examining military population and t">{{cite journal |vauthors=Straud CL, Siev J, Messer S, Zalta AK |title=Examining military population and trauma type as moderators of treatment outcome for first-line psychotherapies for PTSD: A meta-analysis |journal=[[Journal of Anxiety Disorders]] |volume=67 |pages=102133 |date=October 2019 |pmid=31472332 |pmc=6739153 |doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102133}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hamblen JL, Norman SB, Sonis JH, Phelps AJ, Bisson JI, Nunes VD, Megnin-Viggars O, Forbes D, Riggs DS, Schnurr PP |title=A guide to guidelines for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: An update |journal=[[Psychotherapy (journal)|Psychotherapy]] |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=359–373 |date=September 2019 |pmid=31282712 |doi=10.1037/pst0000231 |s2cid=195829939 |url=http://orca.cf.ac.uk/131829/1/CPG%20Review%20of%20Guidelines%20111218.%20CC%20edit%2003_02_19%20revision%20clean.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kline AC, Cooper AA, Rytwinksi NK, Feeny NC |title=Long-term efficacy of psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=[[Clinical Psychology Review]] |volume=59 |pages=30–40 |date=February 2018 |pmid=29169664 |pmc=5741501 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.009}}</ref> Exposure-based psychotherapies demonstrate efficacy for PTSD caused by different trauma "types", such as combat, sexual-assault, or natural disasters.<ref name="Examining military population and t"/> At the same time, many trauma-focused psychotherapies evince high drop-out rates.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Goetter EM, Bui E, Ojserkis RA, Zakarian RJ, Brendel RW, Simon NM |title=A Systematic Review of Dropout From Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Iraq and Afghanistan Combat Veterans |journal=[[Journal of Traumatic Stress]] |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=401–9 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26375387 |doi=10.1002/jts.22038|s2cid=25316702 }}</ref>

Most systematic reviews and clinical guidelines indicate that psychotherapies for PTSD, most of which are trauma-focused therapies, are more effective than pharmacotherapy (medication),<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Merz J, Schwarzer G, Gerger H |title=Comparative Efficacy and Acceptability of Pharmacological, Psychotherapeutic, and Combination Treatments in Adults With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Network Meta-analysis |journal=[[JAMA Psychiatry]] |volume=76 |issue=9 |pages=904–913 |date=June 2019 |pmid=31188399 |pmc=6563588 |doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0951}}</ref> although there are reviews that suggest exposure-based psychotherapies for PTSD and pharmacotherapy are equally effective.<ref>{{Cite book |vauthors=Forman-Hoffman V, Middleton JC, Feltner C, Gaynes BN, Weber RP, Bann C, Viswanathan M, Lohr KN, Baker C, Green J |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525132/ |title=Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments for Adults With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review Update |date=2018 |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US) |series=AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews |location=Rockville, MD |pmid=30204376}}</ref> Interpersonal psychotherapy shows preliminary evidence of probable efficacy, but more research is needed to reach definitive conclusions.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Althobaiti S, Kazantzis N, Ofori-Asenso R, Romero L, Fisher J, Mills KE, Liew D |title=Efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=[[Journal of Affective Disorders]] |volume=264 |pages=286–294 |date=March 2020 |pmid=32056763 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2019.12.021 |s2cid=211111940}}</ref>