Editing History of the Philippines (section)

=== Fourth Republic ===
[[File:Manila December 1982-5.jpg|left|thumb|Manila circa 1980s]]
Marcos officially lifted martial law on January 17, 1981. However, he retained much of the government's power for arrest and detention. [[Corruption in the Philippines|Corruption]] and [[nepotism]] as well as civil unrest contributed to a serious decline in economic growth and development under Marcos, whose own health faced obstacles due to [[lupus erythematosus|lupus]]. The political opposition boycotted the [[1981 Philippine general election|1981 presidential elections]], which pitted Marcos against retired general [[Alejo Santos]], in protest over his control over the results.<ref name="uslc-28" /> Marcos won by a margin of over 16 million votes, allowing him to have another six-year term under the new Constitution that his administration crafted.<ref name="auto1"/> Finance Minister [[Cesar Virata]] was eventually appointed to succeed Marcos as Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sp3U1oCNKlgC&pg=PA75|page=75|title=Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: the political economy of authoritarianism|first1=Albert|last1=Celoza|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1997|isbn=978-0-275-94137-6}}</ref>

In 1983, opposition leader [[Ninoy Aquino]] was assassinated at [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila International Airport]] upon his return to the Philippines after a long period of exile. This coalesced popular dissatisfaction with Marcos and began a succession of events, including pressure from the United States, that culminated in a snap [[1986 Philippine presidential election|presidential election]] in February 1986.<ref name="auto1"/> The opposition united under Aquino's widow, [[Corazon Aquino]]. The official election canvasser, the [[Commission on Elections]] (Comelec), declared Marcos the winner of the election. However, there was a large discrepancy between the Comelec results and that of [[Namfrel]], an accredited poll watcher. The allegedly fraudulent result was rejected by local and international observers.<ref name="uslc-29">{{cite web|title=Philippines – From Aquino's Assassination to People Power|url=http://countrystudies.us/philippines/29.htm|publisher=U.S. Library of Congress|access-date=August 22, 2006}}</ref> [[Jaime Sin|Cardinal Jaime Sin]] declared support for Corazon Aquino, which encouraged popular revolts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/cardinal-jaime-sin-294095.html|title=Cardinal Jaime Sin|date=June 22, 2005|website=The Independent}}</ref> General [[Fidel Ramos]] and Defense Minister [[Juan Ponce Enrile]] withdrew their support for Marcos. A peaceful civilian-military uprising, now popularly called the [[People Power Revolution]], forced Marcos into exile and installed [[Corazon Aquino]] as president on February 25, 1986. The administration of Marcos has been called by various sources as a [[kleptocracy]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manning |first1=Robert A. |title=The Philippines in Crisis |journal=Foreign Affairs |date=1984 |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=392–410 |doi=10.2307/20042190 |jstor=20042190 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1057/9780230622456_7 |chapter=The Marcos Kleptocracy |title=Corruption and Money Laundering |year=2009 |last1=Chaikin |first1=David |last2=Sharman |first2=J. C. |pages=153–186 |isbn=978-1-349-37827-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Verdier |first2=Thierry |last3=Robinson |first3=James A. |title=Kleptocracy and Divide-and-Rule: A Model of Personal Rule |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association |date=May 1, 2004 |volume=2 |issue=2–3 |pages=162–192 |doi=10.1162/154247604323067916 |s2cid=7846928 |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w10136.pdf }}</ref> and a [[conjugal dictatorship]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|last=Mijares|first=Primitivo|url=http://rizalls.lib.admu.edu.ph:8080/ebooks2/Primitivo%20Mijares.pdf|title=The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos and Imelda Marcos I|publisher=Union Square Publications|year=1976|location=San Francisco}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/>