Editing Gerrymandering (section)

=== Spain ===
[[File:Geografía electoral de la provincia de Murcia (1903-1923).svg|300px|thumb|Electoral map of the [[Region of Murcia|province of Murcia]] during the [[Restoration (Spain)|Bourbon Restoration]]. The particular configuration of the [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]] constituency, divided into three geographically isolated territories, has been identified by Ruiz Abellán (1991) as a case of gerrymandering aimed at neutralizing the vote of Cartagena and the mining areas by adding rural votes, which were more susceptible to control by the [[Caciquism|political establishment]].<ref>{{cite book |last1= Ruiz Abellán |first1= Eduardo |year= 1991 |chapter= Distritos, secciones y electores |title= Modernización política y elecciones generales en Murcia durante el reinado de Alfonso XIII (1903–1923) |language= Spanish |location= Murcia |publisher= Real Academia Alfonso X el Sabio |pages= 147–157 |isbn= 978-84-87408-25-0 }}</ref>]]
{{main|Elections in Spain}}

Until the establishment of the [[Second Spanish Republic]] in 1931, [[Spain]] used both single-member and multi-member constituencies in [[Elections in Spain|general elections]]. Multi-member constituencies were only used in some big cities. Some gerrymandering examples included the districts of [[Vilademuls]] or [[Torroella de Montgrí]] in [[Catalonia]]. These districts were created in order to prevent the [[Federal Democratic Republican Party]] from winning a seat in [[Figueres]] or [[La Bisbal]] and [[Turno|to secure a seat for the dynastic parties]]. Since 1931, the constituency boundaries have matched the [[Provinces of Spain|provincial]] boundaries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Balcells |first1=Albert |last2=B. Culla |first2=Joan |last3=Mir |first3=Conxita |title=Les eleccions generals a Catalunya de 1901 a 1923 |date=1982 |publisher=Fundació Jaume Bofill |location=Barcelona |page=424 |url=http://www.fbofill.cat/sites/default/files/ee_04_0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428100708/http://www.fbofill.cat/sites/default/files/ee_04_0.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

After the [[Francoist dictatorship]], during the [[Spanish transition to democracy|transition to democracy]], these fixed provincial constituencies were reestablished in Section 68.2 of the current [[1978 Spanish Constitution]], so gerrymandering is impossible in general elections.<ref name="ES_Const">{{cite book |title=Constitution of Spain in English |date=1978 |publisher=Government of Spain |location=Madrid |page=35 |url=http://www.congreso.es/portal/page/portal/Congreso/Congreso/Hist_Normas/Norm/const_espa_texto_ingles_0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119090314/http://www.congreso.es/portal/page/portal/Congreso/Congreso/Hist_Normas/Norm/const_espa_texto_ingles_0.pdf |archive-date=19 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> There are not ''[[Single-member district|winner-takes-all]]'' elections in Spain except for the tiny territories of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]] (which only have one representative each); everywhere else the number of representatives assigned to a constituency is [[proportional representation|proportional]] to its population and calculated according to a national law, so tampering with under- or over-representation is difficult too.<ref name= "esLOREGnac">{{cite web |url=https://www.juntaelectoralcentral.es/cs/jec/loreg/contenido?idContenido=2688735&idLeyJunta=1&idLeyModificacion=2688205&p=1379061423059&paux=1379061423059&template=Loreg/JEC_Contenido |title=Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General – Título II (Disposiciones especiales para la elección de diputados y senadores) |date=4 October 2022 |website=Junta Electoral Central |publisher=[[Junta Electoral Central]] |access-date=25 November 2023 |language=es |quote=See Capítulo III – Sistema Electoral, esp. arts. 161–164}}</ref><ref name= "esHowSpanishSystemWorks">{{cite web |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/politics/how-does-a-spanish-general-election-work-2023_1057209_102.html |title=How does a Spanish general election work?  |last1=King |first1=Rob |last2=Southon |first2=Robert |date=23 July 2023 |publisher=El Nacional |access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref>

[[Spain (European Parliament constituency)|European]], some [[Autonomous communities of Spain|regional]] and municipal elections are held under single, [[at-large]] multi-member constituencies with [[proportional representation]] and gerrymandering is not possible either.<ref name= "esLOREGmun">{{cite web |url=https://www.juntaelectoralcentral.es/cs/jec/loreg/contenido?idContenido=2689234&idLeyJunta=1&idLeyModificacion=2688205&p=1379061423059&paux=1379061423059&template=Loreg/JEC_Contenido |title=Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General – Título III (Disposiciones especiales para las elecciones municipales) |date=4 October 2022 |website=Junta Electoral Central |publisher=[[Junta Electoral Central]] |access-date=25 November 2023 |language=es |quote=See Capítulo IV – Sistema Electoral, esp. arts. 179–181}}</ref><ref name= "esLOREGeur">{{cite web |url=https://www.juntaelectoralcentral.es/cs/jec/loreg/contenido?idContenido=2688743&idLeyJunta=1&idLeyModificacion=2688205&p=1379061423059&paux=1379061423059&template=Loreg/JEC_Contenido |title=Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General – Título VI (Disposiciones especiales para las elecciones al Parlamento Europeo) |date=4 October 2022 |website=Junta Electoral Central |publisher=[[Junta Electoral Central]] |access-date=25 November 2023 |language=es |quote=See Capítulo IV – Sistema Electoral.}}</ref>

In fact, there is not even a direct translation of the term "gerrymandering" into Spanish and first-generation [[Hispanic and Latino Americans]] have struggled with such an unfamiliar concept in the [[Spanish-speaking world]].<ref name= "esNoGerrymandering">{{cite web |url=https://ethnicmediaservices.org/spanish-translations/como-se-dice-gerrymandering-en-espanol/ |title=¿Cómo se dice "gerrymandering" en español?  |last=Marrero |first=Pilar |date=14 July 2021 |publisher=Ethnic Media Services |access-date=25 November 2023 |language=es}}</ref>