Editing Finnish grammar (section)

===Participles===
Finnish verbs have past and present [[participle]]s, both with passive and active forms, and an 'agent' participle. Participles can be used in different ways than ordinary adjectives and they can have an object.

====Past passive participle====
This is formed in the same way as the passive perfect or passive past-perfect forms, by taking the passive past form, removing the {{lang|fi|-tiin}} ending and replacing it with {{lang|fi|-ttu/tty}} (depending on [[vowel harmony]])

:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Finnish !! English
|-
| {{lang|fi|lähdettyäsi kotiin}}
| 'after you went home'<br />[{{abbr|pass.|passive}} II participle {{abbr|sg.|singular}} {{abbr|ess.|essive}} + {{abbr|poss.|possessive}} suffix]
|}

{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}

====Past active participle====
Basically this is formed by removing the infinitive ending and adding {{lang|fi|-nut/nyt}} (depending on [[vowel harmony]]) and in some cases {{lang|fi|-lut/lyt}}, {{lang|fi|-sut/syt}}, {{lang|fi|-rut/ryt}}. For example:

:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 1st infinitive!! active past participle
|-
| {{lang|fi|puhua}} || {{lang|fi|puhunut}}
|-
| {{lang|fi|syödä}} || {{lang|fi|syönyt}}
|}

However, depending on the verb's stem type, assimilation can occur with the consonant of the stem ending.

In type II verbs, and {{lang|fi|n}}, {{lang|fi|l}}, {{lang|fi|r}} or {{lang|fi|s}} in the stem ending is assimilated to the consonant in the participle ending (as also happens in formation of the first infinitive, although {{lang|fi|-s}} stem endings take an extra {{lang|fi|t}} in the first infinitive)

:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 1st Infinitive!! Stem !! Active past participle
|-
| {{lang|fi|mennä}} || ({{lang|fi|men-}}) || {{lang|fi|mennyt}}
|-
| {{lang|fi|pestä}} || ({{lang|fi|pes-}}) || {{lang|fi|pessyt}}
|-
| {{lang|fi|harjoitella}} || ({{lang|fi|harjoittel-}}) || {{lang|fi|harjoitellut}}
|}

The assimilation causes the final consonant cluster to be strengthened which in turn can weaken a strong cluster if one exists in the stem. See {{lang|fi|harjoitella}} above.

In verbs of types IV, V and VI, the {{lang|fi|t}} at the end of the stem is assimilated to the {{lang|fi|n}}:

:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 1st infinitive!! Stem !! Active past participle
|-
| {{lang|fi|haluta}} || ({{lang|fi|halut-}}) || {{lang|fi|halunnut}}
|-
| {{lang|fi|tarvita}} || ({{lang|fi|tarvit-}}) || {{lang|fi|tarvinnut}}
|-
| {{lang|fi|rohjeta}} || ({{lang|fi|rohjet-}}) || {{lang|fi|rohjennut}}
|}

====Present passive participle====
The present passive participle can be constructed from the past passive form of the verb. The {{lang|fi|-iin}} ending of the past passive is replaced with {{lang|fi|-ava/ävä}}, which can be inflected in the same way as the present active participle. For example:
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Infinitive !! Past passive!! Passive participle !! English
|-
| {{lang|fi|antaa}} || {{lang|fi|annettiin}} || {{lang|fi|annettava}} || which is to be given
|-
| {{lang|fi|syödä}} || {{lang|fi|syötiin}} || {{lang|fi|syötävä}} || which is to be eaten
|-
| {{lang|fi|kertoa}} || {{lang|fi|kerrottiin}} || {{lang|fi|kerrottava}} || which is to be told
|}
It is possible to translate this participle in several related ways e.g. {{lang|fi|sanottava}} 'which must be/is to be said', 'which can be said', 'which will be said' or 'which is said'.
Here are some sentences and phrases further illustrating the formation and use of the present passive participle:
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Finnish !! English
|-
| {{lang|fi|Juotava vesi}} || Drinkable water
|-
| {{lang|fi|Onko sinulla mitään sanottavaa?}} || Do you have anything to say?
|-
| {{lang|fi|Onko pöydässä jotakin syötävää?}} || Is there anything to eat on the table? Or even, Is there anything edible on the table?
|}
This participle can also be used in other ways. If used with the appropriate third-person singular form of the verb {{lang|fi|olla}} and with the subject in the genitive it can express necessity or obligation.

:{{lang|fi|Minun on lähdettävä}} 'I must leave'
:{{lang|fi|Heidän olisi mentävä}} 'They would have to go'

Inflected in the inessive plural, it can be used in conjunction with the verb 'to be' to indicate that something can or cannot be done.

:{{lang|fi|Onko Pekka tavattavissa?}} 'Is Pekka available?'/'Is Pekka able to be met with?'

====Present active participle====
This participle is formed simply by finding the 3rd person plural form of the verb and removing -t, and acts as an adjective describing what the object or subject of the sentence is doing, for example:

:{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Present active participle
|-
! Finnish !! English
|-
| {{lang|fi|nukku{{pipe}}va koira}} || 'sleeping dog'
|-
| {{lang|fi|häikäise{{pipe}}vä valo}} || 'blinding light'
|-
| {{lang|fi|olin luke{{pipe}}v{{pipe}}i{{pipe}}na{{pipe}}ni}} || 'I pretended to be reading'<br />[{{abbr|act.|active}} I participle {{abbr|pl.|plural}} essive + {{abbr|poss.|possessive}} suffix]
|}

{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}

====Agent participle====
The agent participle is formed in a similar way as the third infinitive (see above), adding -ma or -mä to the verb stem. It allows the property of being a target of an action to be formatted as an adjective-like attribute. Like adjectives, it can be inflected in all cases. For example, {{lang|fi|'''ihmisen tekemä''' muodostelma}} "a '''man-made''' formation". The party performing the action is indicated by the use of genitive, or by a possessive suffix. This is reflected in English, too: {{lang|fi|ihmise'''n''' tekemä}} – "of man'''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s''' making", or {{lang|fi|kirjoittama'''ni''' kirja}} "book of '''my''' writing". For example:

:{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Agent participle
|-
! Finnish !! English
|-
| {{lang|fi|tytön lukema kirja}} || the book read by the girl
|-
| {{lang|fi|tytön lukemaa kirjaa}} || (partitive) the book read by the girl
|-
| {{lang|fi|tytön lukemassa kirjassa}} || in the book read by the girl
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" | etc.
|}
It is not required for the action to be in the past, although the examples above are. Rather, the construction simply specifies the subject, the object and the action, with no reference to time. For an example in the future, consider: {{lang|fi|huomenna '''käyttämänänne''' välineenä on...}} "tomorrow, as the instrument '''you will be using''' is...". Here, {{lang|fi|käyttämä}} "that which is used" describes, i.e. is an attribute to {{lang|fi|väline}} "instrument". (Notice the case agreement between {{lang|fi|käyttämä-nä}} and {{lang|fi|välinee-nä}}.) The suffix {{lang|fi|-nne}} "your" specifies the person "owning" the action, i.e. who does it, thus {{lang|fi|käyttämänne}} is "that which was used by you({{abbr|pl.|plural}})", and {{lang|fi|käyttämänänne}} is "as that which was used by you".

It is also possible to give the actor with a pronoun, e.g. {{lang|fi|sinun käyttämäsi}} "that which was used by you". In standard language, the pronoun {{lang|fi|sinun}} "your" is not necessary, but the possessive suffix is. In inexact spoken usage, this goes vice versa; the possessive suffix is optional, and used typically only for the second-person singular, e.g. {{lang|fi|sun käyttämäs}}.