Editing Sharia (section)

==== Terrorism ====
{{further|Islamic terrorism|Islamic extremism|Jihad|Jihadism|Salafi jihadism}}
[[File:North face south tower after plane strike 9-11.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Al-Qaeda]] ideologues have used their interpretation of Sharia to justify terrorist attacks.]]
Some [[Islamic extremism|extremists]] have used their interpretation of Islamic scriptures and Sharia, in particular the doctrine of [[jihad]], to justify acts of war and terror against Muslim as well as non-Muslim individuals and governments.<ref name=aenexeter/>{{sfn|Horrie|Chippindale|1991|p=4}}{{sfn|Horrie|Chippindale|1991|p=100}} The expert on terrorism [[Rachel Ehrenfeld]] wrote that the "Sharia's finance ([[Islamic banking and finance|Islamic banking]]) is a new weapon in the arsenal of what might be termed [[Generations of warfare#Fifth generation|fifth-generation warfare (5GW)]]".<ref name=ZakatForTerror2>{{cite book |last= Norwitz |first= Jeffrey H. | title = Pirates, Terrorists, and Warlords: The History, Influence, and Future of Armed Groups Around the World | publisher = [[Skyhorse Publishing]] | location = New York| year = 2009 | pages = 84–86}}</ref> However, Sharia-compliant financing actually requires a person to stay away from weapons manufacturing.<ref name="Jamaldeen">{{cite web |last1=Jamaldeen |first1=Faleel |title=Seven Prohibited Industries in Islamic Financial Investments |url=https://www.dummies.com/personal-finance/islamic-finance/seven-prohibited-industries-in-islamic-financial-investments/ |access-date=7 September 2020 |archive-date=27 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227213729/https://www.dummies.com/personal-finance/islamic-finance/seven-prohibited-industries-in-islamic-financial-investments/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="JamesChen">{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=James |title=Shariah-Compliant Funds |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/shariah-compliant-funds.asp |website=Investopedia |access-date=7 September 2020 |archive-date=27 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227213729/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/shariah-compliant-funds.asp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Todorof |first1=Maria |title=Shariah-compliant FinTech in the banking industry |journal=ERA Forum |date=1 August 2018 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1007/s12027-018-0505-8|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In classical fiqh, the term ''jihad'' refers to armed struggle against oppressors.<ref name=OEIP>{{cite encyclopedia|first1=Rudolph|last1=Peters|first2=David|last2=Cook|title=Jihād|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2014|isbn=978-0199739356 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0057 |access-date=16 April 2019 |doi=10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001 |url-status=live|archive-date=23 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123114402/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001/acref-9780199739356-e-0263}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Tyan, E. | year= 2012 | title=D̲j̲ihād|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editor=P. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs| doi= 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0189 }}</ref> Classical jurists developed an elaborate set of rules pertaining to jihad, including prohibitions on harming those who are not engaged in combat.<ref>{{cite web |author=Bernard Lewis |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1001547201928681240 |title=Jihad vs. Crusade |publisher=Opinionjournal.com |date=27 September 2001 |access-date=4 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816162048/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1001547201928681240 |archive-date=16 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blankinship|first=Khalid Yahya|author-link=Khalid Yahya Blankinship|year=2011|title=Parity of Muslim and Western Concepts of Just War|journal=The Muslim World|volume=101|issue=3|page=416|doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2011.01384.x|issn=1478-1913|quote=In classical Muslim doctrine on war, likewise, genuine non-combatants are not to be harmed. These include women, minors, servants and slaves who do not take part in the fighting, the blind, monks, hermits, the aged, those physically unable to fight, the insane, the delirious, farmers who do not fight, traders, merchants, and contractors. The main criterion distinguishing combatants from non-combatants is that the latter do not fight and do not contribute to the war effort.}}</ref> According to [[Bernard Lewis]], "[a]t no time did the classical jurists offer any approval or legitimacy to what we nowadays call terrorism"<ref>Bernard Lewis (with Buntzie Ellis Churchill) 'Islam: The Religion and the People' (2008). Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 151</ref> and the terrorist practice of suicide bombing "has no justification in terms of Islamic theology, law or tradition".<ref>Bernard Lewis (with Buntzie Ellis Churchill) 'Islam: The Religion and the People' (2008). Pearson Prentice Hall p. 153</ref> In the modern era the notion of jihad has lost its jurisprudential relevance and instead gave rise to an ideological and political discourse.<ref name=hallaq334>{{cite book |author=Wael B. Hallaq |title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbOtAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA335 |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=335 |isbn=978-1107394124 |access-date=13 January 2017 |archive-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212220338/https://books.google.com/books?id=IbOtAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA335 |url-status=live}}</ref> While modernist Islamic scholars have emphasized defensive and non-military aspects of jihad, some radicals have advanced aggressive interpretations that go beyond the classical theory.<ref name=hallaq334/> For al-Qaeda ideologues, in jihad, all means are legitimate, including targeting Muslim non-combatants and the mass killing of non-Muslim civilians.<ref name=aenexeter/>

Some modern ulema, such as [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] and [[Sulaiman Al-Alwan]], have supported attacks against Israeli army reservists and hence should be considered soldiers, while [[Hamid bin Abdallah al-Ali]] declared that suicide attacks in Chechnya were justified as a "sacrifice".<ref name=aenexeter/><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3874893.stm Controversial preacher with 'star status'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229043134/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3874893.stm |date=29 December 2016 }} BBC article, by Agdi Abdelhadi on 7 July 2004</ref> Many prominent Islamic scholars, including al-Qaradawi himself, have issued condemnations of terrorism in general terms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kurzman.unc.edu/islamic-statements-against-terrorism/ |title=Islamic Statements Against Terrorism |author=Charles Kurzman |access-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410093855/http://kurzman.unc.edu/islamic-statements-against-terrorism/ |archive-date=10 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> For example, [[Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh]], the [[Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia]] has stated that "terrorizing innocent people [...] constitute[s] a form of injustice that cannot be tolerated by Islam", while [[Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy]], [[Grand Imam of al-Azhar]] and former [[Grand Mufti]] of Egypt has stated that "attacking innocent people is not courageous; it is stupid and will be punished on the Day of Judgment".<ref name=aenexeter>Anisseh Engeland-Nourai, [https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/3417/VanEngeland_THE%20CHALLENGE%20OF%20FRAGMENTATION%20OF%20INTERNATIONAL%20HUMANITARIAN%20LAW.pdf?sequence=6 The Challenge of Fragmentation of International Humanitarian Law Regarding the Protection of Civilians – An Islamic Perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122043455/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/3417/VanEngeland_THE%20CHALLENGE%20OF%20FRAGMENTATION%20OF%20INTERNATIONAL%20HUMANITARIAN%20LAW.pdf?sequence=6 |date=22 January 2015 }} School of Law, University of Bedfordshire, pp. 18–25</ref><ref>Ira Lapidus, ''The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World edited by Francis Robinson''. Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 297–98. See Bibliography for Conclusion.</ref>