Editing Reformation (section)

=== Spain ===
{{Main|History of Spain#Phillip II and the wars of religion|Protestantism in Spain}}
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 | image1 = Francisco de Enzinas-Nuevo Testamento.001.jpg
 | caption1 = The New Testament translated by Francisco de Enzinas into the [[Spanish language]] (Castilian), published in [[Antwerp]] (1543)

 | image2 = Leizarraga biblia 01.png
 | caption2 = The New Testament translated by [[Joanes Leizarraga]] into the [[Basque language]] (1571) on the orders of Navarre's Calvinist queen, [[Jeanne III of Navarre]]
}}

In the early 16th century, Spain had a different political and cultural milieu from its Western and Central European neighbours in several respects, which affected the mentality and the reaction of the nation towards the Reformation. Spain, which had only recently managed to complete the reconquest of the Peninsula from the [[Moors]] in 1492, had been preoccupied with converting the Muslim and Jewish populations of the newly conquered regions through the establishment of the [[Spanish Inquisition]] in 1478. The rulers of the nation stressed political, cultural, and religious unity, and by the time of the Lutheran Reformation, the Spanish Inquisition was already 40 years old and had the capability of quickly persecuting any new movement that the leaders of the Catholic Church perceived or interpreted to be religious heterodoxy.{{sfn|Pettegree|2000a|p=304}} [[Emperor Charles V|Charles V]] did not wish to see Spain or the rest of Habsburg Europe divided, and in light of continual threat from the Ottomans, preferred to see the Catholic Church reform itself from within. This led to a [[Counter-Reformation]] in Spain in the 1530s. During the 1520s, the Spanish Inquisition had created an atmosphere of suspicion and sought to root out any religious thought seen as suspicious. As early as 1521, the Pope had written a letter to the Spanish monarchy warning against allowing the unrest in Northern Europe to be replicated in Spain. Between 1520 and 1550, printing presses in Spain were tightly controlled and any books of Protestant teaching were prohibited.

[[File:Contemporary illustration of the Auto-da-fe held at Validolid Spain 21-05-1559..jpg|thumb|Contemporary illustration of the [[auto-da-fé]] of [[Valladolid]], in which fourteen Protestants were burned at the stake for their faith, on 21 May 1559|alt=]]

Between 1530 and 1540, Protestantism in Spain was still able to gain followers clandestinely, and in cities such as [[Seville]] and [[Valladolid]] adherents would secretly meet at private houses to pray and study the Bible.{{sfn|Estep|1986|p=299}} Protestants in Spain were estimated at between 1000 and 3000, mainly among intellectuals who had seen writings such as those of [[Erasmus]]. Notable reformers included Juan Gil and Juan Pérez de Pineda who subsequently fled and worked alongside others such as [[Francisco de Enzinas]] to translate the Greek [[New Testament]] into the Spanish language, a task completed by 1556. Protestant teachings were smuggled into Spain by Spaniards such as Julián Hernández, who in 1557 was condemned by the Inquisition and burnt at the stake. Under [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]], conservatives in the Spanish church tightened their grip, and those who refused to recant such as Rodrigo de Valer were condemned to life imprisonment. On May 21, 1559, sixteen Spanish Lutherans were burnt at the stake; 14 were strangled before being burnt, while two were burnt alive. In October another 30 were executed. Spanish Protestants who were able to flee the country were to be found in at least a dozen cities in Europe, such as [[Geneva]], where some of them embraced [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] teachings. Those who fled to England were given support by the [[Church of England]].{{Citation needed|date= March 2021}}

The [[Kingdom of Navarre]], although by the time of the Protestant Reformation a minor principality territoriality restricted to southern France, had French [[Huguenot]] monarchs, including [[Henry IV of France]] and his mother, [[Jeanne III of Navarre]], a devout Calvinist.

Upon the arrival of the Protestant Reformation, Calvinism reached some [[Basques]] through the translation of the Bible into the [[Basque language]] by [[Joanes Leizarraga]]. As Queen of Navarre, Jeanne III commissioned the translation of the [[New Testament]] into Basque{{refn|group=note|See the wikipedia entry on [[Joanes Leizarraga]], the priest who did the translation. His manuscript is considered to be a cornerstone in Basque literature, and a pioneering attempt towards Basque language standardization.}} and [[Béarnese language|Béarnese]] for the benefit of her subjects.