Editing In vitro fertilisation (section)

==== Transgender parents ====
Many LGBT communities centre their support around cisgender gay, lesbian and bisexual people and neglect to include proper support for transgender people.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hoffkling A, Obedin-Maliver J, Sevelius J |date=November 2017 |title=From erasure to opportunity: a qualitative study of the experiences of transgender men around pregnancy and recommendations for providers |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |volume=17 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=332 |doi=10.1186/s12884-017-1491-5 |pmc=5688401 |pmid=29143629 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The same 2020 literature review analyses the social, emotional and physical experiences of pregnant transgender men.<ref name="Besse2020" /> A common obstacle faced by pregnant transgender men is the possibility of [[gender dysphoria]]. Literature shows that transgender men report uncomfortable procedures and interactions during their pregnancies as well as feeling misgendered due to gendered terminology used by healthcare providers. Outside of the healthcare system, pregnant transgender men may experience gender dysphoria due to cultural assumptions that all pregnant people are cisgender women.<ref name="Besse2020" /> These people use three common approaches to navigating their pregnancy: passing as a cisgender woman, hiding their pregnancy, or being out and visibly pregnant as a transgender man.<ref name="Besse2020" /> Some transgender and gender diverse patients describe their experience in seeking gynaecological and reproductive health care as isolating and discriminatory, as the strictly binary healthcare system often leads to denial of healthcare coverage or unnecessary revelation of their transgender status to their employer.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Ghofranian A, Aharon D, Friedenthal J, Hanley WJ, Lee JA, Daneyko M, Rodriguez Z, Safer JD, Copperman AB |date=2 September 2022 |title=Family Building in Transgender Patients: Modern Strategies with Assisted Reproductive Technology Treatment |journal=Transgender Health |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=76–82 |doi=10.1089/trgh.2021.0210 |pmid=38312448 |pmc=10835155 |issn=2688-4887 |s2cid=252136338}}</ref>

Many transgender people retain their original sex organs and choose to have children through biological reproduction. Advances in assisted reproductive technology and fertility preservation have broadened the options transgender people have to conceive a child using their own gametes or a donor's. Transgender men and women may opt for fertility preservation before any gender affirming surgery, but it is not required for future biological reproduction.<ref name="Besse2020" /><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Maxwell S, Noyes N, Keefe D, Berkeley AS, Goldman KN |date=June 2017 |title=Pregnancy Outcomes After Fertility Preservation in Transgender Men |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=129 |issue=6 |pages=1031–1034 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000002036 |pmid=28486372}}</ref> It is also recommended that fertility preservation is conducted before any hormone therapy.<ref name="Bayer2017" /> Additionally, while fertility specialists often suggest that transgender men discontinue their testosterone hormones prior to pregnancy, research on this topic is still inconclusive.<ref name="Obedin-Maliver2016">{{cite journal |first1=Juno |last1=Obedin-Maliver |first2=Harvey J |last2=Makadon | title = Transgender men and pregnancy | journal = Obstetric Medicine | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 4–8 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 27030799 | pmc = 4790470 | doi = 10.1177/1753495X15612658}}</ref><ref name="Besse2020" /> However, a 2019 study found that transgender male patients seeking oocyte retrieval via assisted reproductive technology (including IVF) were able to undergo treatment four months after stopping testosterone treatment, on average.<ref name="Leung2019">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leung A, Sakkas D, Pang S, Thornton K, Resetkova N |date=November 2019 |title=Assisted reproductive technology outcomes in female-to-male transgender patients compared with cisgender patients: a new frontier in reproductive medicine |journal=Fertility and Sterility |language=English |volume=112 |issue=5 |pages=858–865 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.07.014 |pmid=31594633 |s2cid=203983887 |doi-access=free}}</ref> All patients experienced menses and normal AMH, FSH and E<sub>2</sub> levels and antral follicle counts after coming off testosterone, which allowed for successful oocyte retrieval.<ref name="Leung2019" /> Despite assumptions that the long-term androgen treatment negatively impacts fertility, oocyte retrieval, an integral part of the IVF process, does not appear to be affected.

Biological reproductive options available to transgender women include, but are not limited to, IVF and IUI with the trans woman's sperm and a donor or a partner's eggs and uterus. Fertility treatment options for transgender men include, but are not limited to, IUI or IVF using his own eggs with a donor's sperm and/or donor's eggs, his uterus, or a different uterus, whether that is a partner's or a surrogate's.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ColoCRM |title=Transgender Pregnancy Options for Men and Women |url=https://www.ccrmivf.com/transgender-pregnancy-options/ |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=CCRM Fertility |language=en-US}}</ref>