Editing Fluorescence (section)

==== Other techniques ====
* FRET ([[Förster resonance energy transfer]], also known as [[fluorescence resonance energy transfer]]) is used to study protein interactions, detect specific nucleic acid sequences and used as biosensors, while fluorescence lifetime (FLIM) can give an additional layer of information.
* Biotechnology: [[biosensors]] using fluorescence are being studied as possible [[Fluorescent glucose biosensors]].
* Automated sequencing of [[DNA]] by the [[chain termination method]]; each of four different chain terminating bases has its own specific fluorescent tag. As the labelled DNA molecules are separated, the fluorescent label is excited by a UV source, and the identity of the base terminating the molecule is identified by the wavelength of the emitted light.
* FACS ([[fluorescence-activated cell sorting]]). One of several important [[cell sorting]] techniques used in the separation of different cell lines (especially those isolated from animal tissues).
* DNA detection: the compound [[ethidium bromide]], in aqueous solution, has very little fluorescence, as it is quenched by water. Ethidium bromide's fluorescence is greatly enhanced after it binds to DNA, so this compound is very useful in visualising the location of DNA fragments in [[agarose gel electrophoresis]]. Intercalated ethidium is in a hydrophobic environment when it is between the base pairs of the DNA, protected from quenching by water which is excluded from the local environment of the intercalated ethidium. Ethidium bromide may be carcinogenic – an arguably safer alternative is the dye [[SYBR Green]].
* FIGS ([[Fluorescence image-guided surgery]]) is a medical imaging technique that uses fluorescence to detect properly labeled structures during surgery.
* [[Intravascular fluorescence]] is a catheter-based medical imaging technique that uses fluorescence to detect high-risk features of atherosclerosis and unhealed vascular stent devices.<ref name="pmid20210433">{{cite journal|author-link3=Vasi;is Ntziachristos|vauthors=Calfon MA, Vinegoni C, Ntziachristos V, Jaffer FA | title=Intravascular near-infrared fluorescence molecular imaging of atherosclerosis: toward coronary arterial visualization of biologically high-risk plaques. | journal=J Biomed Opt | year= 2010 | volume= 15 | issue= 1 | pages= 011107–011107–6 | pmid=20210433 | doi=10.1117/1.3280282 | pmc=3188610 | bibcode=2010JBO....15a1107C }}</ref> Plaque autofluorescence has been used in a first-in-man study in coronary arteries in combination with [[optical coherence tomography]].<ref name="pmid26971006">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ughi GJ, Wang H, Gerbaud E, Gardecki JA, Fard AM, Hamidi E, etal |title=Clinical Characterization of Coronary Atherosclerosis With Dual-Modality OCT and Near-Infrared Autofluorescence Imaging | journal=JACC Cardiovasc Imaging | year= 2016 | volume=  9| issue=  11| pages=  1304–1314| pmid=26971006 | pmc=5010789 | doi=10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.11.020}}</ref> Molecular agents has been also used to detect specific features, such as stent [[fibrin]] accumulation and enzymatic activity related to artery inflammation.<ref name="pmid26685129">{{cite journal|vauthors=Hara T, Ughi GJ, McCarthy JR, Erdem SS, Mauskapf A, Lyon SC, etal | title=Intravascular fibrin molecular imaging improves the detection of unhealed stents assessed by optical coherence tomography in vivo | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2015 | volume=  38| issue=  6| pages=  447–455| pmid=26685129 | pmc=5837565 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehv677}}</ref>
* SAFI (species altered fluorescence imaging) an imaging technique in [[electrokinetic phenomena|electrokinetics]] and [[microfluidics]].<ref>
{{cite journal
 |pmid        = 23463253
 |url         = https://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ParticleTracking_Diagnostics/Shkolnikov_A%20method%20for%20non-invasive%20full-field%20imaging%20and%20quantification%20of%20chemical%20species.pdf
 |year        = 2013
 |last1     = Shkolnikov
 |first1      = V
 |title       = A method for non-invasive full-field imaging and quantification of chemical species
 |journal     = Lab on a Chip
 |volume      = 13
 |issue       = 8
 |pages       = 1632–43
 |last2       = Santiago
 |first2      = J. G.
 |doi         = 10.1039/c3lc41293h
 |url-status     = live
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305034642/https://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ParticleTracking_Diagnostics/Shkolnikov_A%20method%20for%20non-invasive%20full-field%20imaging%20and%20quantification%20of%20chemical%20species.pdf
 |archive-date = 5 March 2016
}}</ref> It uses non-electromigrating dyes whose fluorescence is easily quenched by migrating chemical species of interest. The dye(s) are usually seeded everywhere in the flow and differential quenching of their fluorescence by analytes is directly observed.
* Fluorescence-based assays for screening [[Toxicity|toxic]] chemicals.  The optical assays consist of a mixture of environment-sensitive fluorescent dyes and human skin cells that generate fluorescence spectra patterns.<ref name="Moczko2016">
{{cite journal
 | pmid = 27653274
 | pmc = 5031998
 | year = 2016
 | last1 = Moczko | first1 = E
 | title = Fluorescence-based assay as a new screening tool for toxic chemicals
 | journal = Scientific Reports
 | volume = 6
 | page = 33922
 | last2 = Mirkes | first2 = EM
 | last3 = Cáceres | first3 = C
 | last4 = Gorban | first4 = AN
 | last5 = Piletsky | first5 = S
 | doi = 10.1038/srep33922
 | bibcode = 2016NatSR...633922M
}}</ref> This approach can reduce the need for [[Animal testing|laboratory animals]] in biomedical research and pharmaceutical industry.
* Bone-margin detection: [[Alizarin|Alizarin-stained]] specimens and certain fossils can be lit by fluorescent lights to view anatomical structures, including bone margins.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=W. Leo|last2=Buck|first2=Chesney A.|last3=Ornay|first3=Gregory S.|last4=Davis|first4=Matthew P.|last5=Martin|first5=Rene P.|last6=Gibson|first6=Sarah Z.|last7=Girard|first7=Matthew G.|date=2018-08-20|title=Improving Vertebrate Skeleton Images: Fluorescence and the Non-Permanent Mounting of Cleared-and-Stained Specimens|journal=Copeia|language=en-US|volume=106|issue=3|pages=427–435|doi=10.1643/cg-18-047|issn=0045-8511|doi-access=free}}</ref>