Editing Conservatism (section)

=== Oceania ===
==== Australia ====
{{main|Conservatism in Australia}}
{{Conservatism in Australia}}
The [[Liberal Party of Australia]] adheres to the principles of [[social conservatism]] and [[liberal conservatism]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Dennis Raphael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zjh4lQAbPrYC&pg=PA66 |title=Tackling Health Inequalities: Lessons from International Experiences |publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-55130-412-0 |page=66}}</ref> It is liberal in the sense of economics. Commentators explain: "In America, 'liberal' means left-of-center, and it is a pejorative term when used by conservatives in adversarial political debate. In Australia, of course, the conservatives are in the Liberal Party."<ref>{{cite book |author1=David Mosler |url=https://archive.org/details/americaamericans0000mosl |title=America and Americans in Australia |author2=Robert Catley |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-275-96252-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americaamericans0000mosl/page/83 83] |url-access=registration}}</ref> The [[National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)|National Right]] is the most organized and reactionary of the three factions within the party.<ref>{{cite news |last=Massola |first=James |date=March 21, 2021 |title=Who's who in the Liberals' left, right and centre factions? |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/who-s-who-in-the-liberals-left-right-and-centre-factions-20210303-p577gv.html |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref>

Political scientist [[James Jupp]] writes that "[the] decline in English influences on Australian reformism and radicalism, and appropriation of the symbols of Empire by conservatives continued under the Liberal Party leadership of Sir [[Robert Menzies]], which lasted until 1966".<ref>{{cite book |author=James Jupp |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n63TaXC5TpEC&pg=PA172 |title=The English in Australia |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-54295-1 |page=172 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>

Other conservative parties are the [[National Party of Australia]] (a sister party of the Liberals), [[Family First Party]], [[Democratic Labour Party (Australia, 1980)|Democratic Labor Party]], [[Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party]], [[Australian Conservatives]], and the [[Katter's Australian Party]].

The largest party in the country is the [[Australian Labor Party]], and its dominant faction is [[Labor Right]], a [[socially conservative]] element. Australia undertook significant economic reform under the Labor Party in the mid-1980s. Consequently, issues like protectionism, welfare reform, privatization, and deregulation are no longer debated in the political space as they are in Europe or North America.

==== New Zealand ====
{{conservatism New Zealand}}
[[Historic conservatism in New Zealand]] traces its roots to the unorganized conservative opposition to the [[New Zealand Liberal Party]] in the late 19th century. In 1909 this ideological strand found a more organized expression in the [[Reform Party (New Zealand)|Reform Party]], a forerunner to the contemporary [[New Zealand National Party]], which absorbed historic conservative elements.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=James |first1=Colin |author1-link=Colin James (journalist) |title=National Party – Formation and rise |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/national-party/page-1 |encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=December 9, 2023 |date=June 20, 2012}}</ref> The National Party, established in 1936, embodies a spectrum of tendencies, including conservative and liberal. Throughout its history, the party has oscillated between periods of conservative emphasis and liberal reform. Its stated values include "individual freedom and choice" and "limited government".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=James |first1=Colin |title=National Party – Party principles |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/national-party/page-4 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=December 9, 2023 |date=June 20, 2012}}</ref>

In the 1980s and 1990s both the National Party and its main opposing party, the traditionally left-wing [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour Party]], implemented free-market reforms.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boston |first1=Jonathan |last2=Eichbaum |first2=Chris |title=New Zealand's Neoliberal Reforms: Half a Revolution |journal=Governance |date=July 2014 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=373–376 |doi=10.1111/gove.12092}}</ref>

The [[New Zealand First]] party, which split from the National Party in 1993, espouses nationalist and conservative principles.<ref>{{cite book |author=David Hall |title=Climate Governance across the Globe: Pioneers, Leaders and Followers |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-000-320381 |editor1=Rüdiger K.W. Wurzel |page=81 |chapter=Rhetoric and reality in New Zealand’s climate leadership |doi=10.4324/9781003014249-7 |editor2=Mikael Skou Andersen |editor3=Paul Tobin |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003014249-7/rhetoric-reality-new-zealand-climate-leadership-david-hall}}</ref>