Editing Suez Crisis (section)

=== Britain ===
[[File:Nasser_and_Macmillan.jpg|alt=Nasser_and_Macmillan|thumb|280x280px|Nasser and [[Harold Macmillan]], 1960]]
The political and psychological impact of the crisis had a fundamental impact on [[Politics of the United Kingdom|British politics]]. [[Anthony Eden]] was accused of misleading parliament and resigned from office on 9 January 1957. Eden had been prime minister for less than two years when he resigned, and his unsuccessful handling of the Suez Crisis eclipsed the successes he had achieved in the previous 30 years as foreign secretary in three Conservative governments.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/behindcloseddoors/biographies/eden.html WWII Behind Closed Doors: Stalin, the Nazis and the West . Biographies . Anthony Eden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216000224/http://www.pbs.org/behindcloseddoors/biographies/eden.html |date=16 December 2013}}. PBS. Retrieved on 8 September 2011.</ref>

Eden's successor, Harold Macmillan, accelerated the process of decolonisation and sought to restore Britain's special relationship with the United States.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol. 4: The Twentieth Century |date=1999 |editor-first=J. M. |editor-last=Brown |editor2-first=W. R. |editor-last2=Louis}}{{pagenumber|date=May 2024}}</ref>{{page number|date=May 2024}} He enjoyed a close friendship with Eisenhower, dating from the [[North African Campaign#Operation Torch|North African campaign]] in World War II, where General Eisenhower commanded allied invasion forces and Macmillan provided political liaison with [[Winston Churchill]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Horne|2008|p=158}}</ref> Benefiting from his personal popularity and a healthy economy, Macmillan's government increased its Parliamentary majority in the [[1959 United Kingdom general election|1959 general election]].<ref name="autogenerated449"/>

The Suez crisis, though a blow to British power in the Near East, did not mark its end. Britain intervened successfully in Jordan to put down riots that threatened the rule of King Hussein in 1958 and in 1961 deployed troops to Kuwait to successfully deter an Iraqi invasion. The latter deployment had been a response to the threats of the Iraqi dictator General [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]] that he would invade and annex Kuwait. At the same time, though British influence continued in the Middle East, Suez was a blow to British prestige in the Near East from which the country never recovered.<ref name="autogenerated449">{{Harvnb|Adamthwaite|1988|p=449}}</ref> Britain evacuated all positions [[East of Suez]] by 1971, though this was due mainly to economic factors.

Increasingly, British foreign policy thinking turned away from acting as a great imperial power. During the 1960s there was much speculation that Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]]'s continued refusals to send British troops to the [[Vietnam War]], even as a token force, despite President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s persistent requests, were partially due to the Americans not supporting Britain during the Suez Crisis. [[Edward Heath]] was dismayed by the U.S. opposition to Britain during the Suez Crisis; as Prime Minister in October 1973 he refused the U.S. permission to use any of the UK's air bases to resupply during the [[Yom Kippur War]],<ref>[http://spyinggame.wordpress.com/2011/07/30/us-uk-special-relationship-06 US-UK Special Relationship 06 | Intelligence Analysis and Reporting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413192315/http://spyinggame.wordpress.com/2011/07/30/us-uk-special-relationship-06 |date=13 April 2012}}. Spyinggame.wordpress.com (30 July 2011). Retrieved on 8 September 2011.</ref> or to allow the Americans to gather intelligence from [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia|British bases in Cyprus]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002 |title=Dangerous liaisons: post-September 11 intelligence alliances |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb137/is_3_24/ai_n28939894 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110085303/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb137/is_3_24/ai_n28939894 |archive-date=10 November 2011 |work=Harvard International Review}}</ref>

However, the British relationship with the United States did not suffer lasting consequences from the crisis. "The Anglo-American '[[Special Relationship|special relationship]]' was revitalised immediately after the Suez Crisis", writes Risse Kappen.<ref>{{Harvnb|Risse-Kappen|1997|p=99}}</ref> The United States wanted to restore the prestige of its closest ally and thus "The two governments...engaged in almost ritualistic reassurances that their 'special relationship' would be restored quickly". One example came with Britain's first [[Thermonuclear weapon|hydrogen bomb]] test [[Operation Grapple]] which led to the [[1958 U.S.–UK Mutual Defence Agreement]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Risse-Kappen|1997|p=98}}</ref> Six years after the crisis, the Americans amazed the British by selling them state-of-the-art missile technology at a moderate cost, which became the [[UK Polaris programme]].<ref name="jstor2009841">{{Cite journal |last1=Dawson |first1=R. |last2=Rosecrance |first2=R. |date=1966 |title=Theory and Reality in the Anglo-American Alliance |journal=World Politics |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=21–51 |doi=10.2307/2009841 |jstor=2009841 |s2cid=155057300}}</ref>

The war led to the eviction of [[GCHQ]] from several of its best foreign [[signals intelligence]] collection sites, including [[Far East Combined Bureau|the new Perkar, Ceylon site]], recently developed at a cost of £2 million, equivalent to £{{Inflation|UK|2|1955}}&nbsp;million in {{Inflation/year|UK}}, and [[RAF Habbaniya]], Iraq.<ref name="aldrich-2011">{{Cite book |last=Aldrich |first=Richard J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l9i5bt1-7HYC |title=GCHQ |date=2011 |publisher=Harper Press |isbn=978-0-0073-1266-5 |location=London |pages=160–162}}</ref>