Editing History of the Philippines (section)

== Marcos era ==
{{Main|History of the Philippines (1965–1986)}}
[[File:CongressBuilding SEATO.jpg|thumb|left|The leaders of the [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization|SEATO]] nations in front of the Congress Building in [[Manila, Philippines|Manila]], hosted by Philippine President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] (4th from left) on October 24, 1966.]]

Macapagal ran for re-election in 1965, but was defeated by his former [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|party]]-mate, Senate President [[Ferdinand Marcos]], who had switched to the [[Nacionalista Party]]. Early in his presidency, Marcos initiated public works projects and intensified tax collection.<ref name=":10" /> In a failed attempt to retake east [[Sabah]], the [[Jabidah massacre]], where Muslim Tausug Filipinos were killed by the Philippine Army, occurred under the authority of Marcos.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/24025-jabidah-massacre-merdeka-sabah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913010948/http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/24025-jabidah-massacre-merdeka-sabah|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2015|title=Jabidah and Merdeka: The inside story|date=September 13, 2015}}</ref> Due to his popularity among Christians, Marcos was re-elected president in 1969, becoming the first president of the Philippines to get a second term.<ref name=":10" /> Crime and civil disobedience increased. The [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] formed the [[New People's Army]] and the [[Moro National Liberation Front]] continued to fight for an independent Muslim nation in Mindanao. An explosion which killed opposition lawmakers during the proclamation rally of the senatorial slate of the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] on August 21, 1971, led Marcos to suspend the [[writ of habeas corpus]]. Protests surged and the writ was restored on January 11, 1972.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/146939-martial-law-explainer-victims-stories|title=Martial Law, the dark chapter in Philippine history|first1=Katerina|last1=Francisco|website=Rappler|date=September 22, 2016 }}</ref>
[[File:Meeting of the Marcoses and the Nixons in 1969 at the Malacañang Palace.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Ferdinand Marcos|Marcoses]] and the [[Richard Nixon|Nixons]] at the [[Malacañang Palace]]]]

=== Martial law ===
{{Main|Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship}}

Amid the growing popularity of the opposition, Marcos declared [[martial law]] on September 21, 1972, by virtue of [[Proclamation No. 1081]] to stifle dissent. Marcos justified the declaration by citing the threat of Communist insurgency and the alleged ambush of defense secretary Juan Ponce Enrile.<ref name="auto"/> Ruling by decree, Marcos curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties, abolished Congress, closed down major media establishments, ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists, including his staunchest critics: senators [[Benigno Aquino Jr.]], [[Jovito R. Salonga]], and [[José W. Diokno]].<ref name="uslc-28">{{Harvnb|Dolan|1991-28}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> Crime rates plunged dramatically after a curfew was implemented.<ref>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|pp=576–577}}</ref> Many protesters, students, and political opponents were forced to go into exile, and a number were killed.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://newslab.philstar.com/31-years-of-amnesia/first-family|title=A family affair &#124; 31 years of amnesia|first1=Research by Kristian|last1=Javier|website=newslab.philstar.com}}</ref>

A [[constitutional convention (political meeting)|constitutional convention]], which had been called for in 1970 to replace the colonial [[1935 Constitution of the Philippines|1935 Constitution]], continued the work of framing a new constitution after the declaration of martial law. The new constitution went into effect in early 1973, changing the form of government from presidential to [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] and allowing Marcos to stay in power beyond 1973. Marcos claimed that martial law was the prelude to creating a "New Society", which he would rule for more than two decades.<ref name="auto"/> The economy during the 1970s was robust, due to previous engagements by various administrations. However, the economy suffered after incurring massive debt and downgrading prospects of the Philippines under martial rule, while the wife of the president, [[Imelda Marcos]], lived in high society.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>

The [[Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship|human rights abuses]]<ref name="McCoy199909202">{{cite web|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54a/062.html|title=Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime|date=September 20, 1999|publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]]}}</ref><ref name="Abinales&Amoroso20052">{{Cite book|last1=Abinales|first1=Patricio N.|title=State and society in the Philippines|last2=Amoroso|first2=Donna J.|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.|year=2005|isbn=978-0742510234|location=Lanham, MD|oclc=57452454}}</ref> under the [[dictatorship]] particularly targeted political opponents, student activists,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/182828-marcos-dictatorship-martial-law-youth-leaders-killed|title=Gone too soon: 7 youth leaders killed under Martial Law|work=Rappler|access-date=June 15, 2018|language=en}}</ref> journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought back against the administration. Based on the documentation of [[Amnesty International]], [[Task Force Detainees of the Philippines]], and similar human rights monitoring entities,<ref name="RachelAGReyes201604122">{{cite web|url=http://www.manilatimes.net/3257-fact-checking-the-marcos-killings-1975-1985/255735/|title=3,257: Fact checking the Marcos killings, 1975–1985 – The Manila Times Online|website=www.manilatimes.net|language=en-US|access-date=June 15, 2018|date=April 12, 2016|archive-date=April 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011712/https://www.manilatimes.net/3257-fact-checking-the-marcos-killings-1975-1985/255735/|url-status=dead}}</ref> the dictatorship was marked by 3,257 known extrajudicial killings,<ref name="RachelAGReyes201604122" /> 35,000 documented tortures, 77 'disappeared', and 70,000 incarcerations.<ref name=":02">{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=asa35%2f019%2f1977&language=en|title=Report of an AI Mission to the Republic of the Philippines 1975|website=www.amnesty.org}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last1=Robles|first1=Raissa|title=Marcos Martial Law: Never Again|publisher=Filipinos For A Better Philippines, Inc|year=2016}}</ref>

Some 2,520 of the 3,257 murder victims were tortured and mutilated before their bodies were dumped in various places for the public to discover – a tactic meant to sow fear among the public,<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":22">{{Cite book|title=Policing America's empire : the United States, the Philippines, and the rise of the surveillance state|last1=McCoy |first1=Alfred W.|date=2009|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=9780299234133|location=Madison, Wis.|oclc=550642875}}</ref> which came to be known as "salvaging."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.postguam.com/forum/featured_columnists/salvage-victims/article_1ca514a4-1812-11e6-900a-8304df53116c.html|title='Salvage' victims|last1=Cagurangan|first1=Mar-Vic|work=The Guam Daily Post|access-date=June 24, 2018}}</ref> Some bodies were even cannibalized.<ref name=":52">{{Cite AV media|last=Aguilar|first=Mila D.|title=So Why Samar?|date=October 3, 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6vw6rFaabA&t=1374s| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/H6vw6rFaabA| archive-date=October 30, 2021|access-date=June 18, 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=== Fourth Republic ===
[[File:Manila December 1982-5.jpg|left|thumb|Manila circa 1980s]]
Marcos officially lifted martial law on January 17, 1981. However, he retained much of the government's power for arrest and detention. [[Corruption in the Philippines|Corruption]] and [[nepotism]] as well as civil unrest contributed to a serious decline in economic growth and development under Marcos, whose own health faced obstacles due to [[lupus erythematosus|lupus]]. The political opposition boycotted the [[1981 Philippine general election|1981 presidential elections]], which pitted Marcos against retired general [[Alejo Santos]], in protest over his control over the results.<ref name="uslc-28" /> Marcos won by a margin of over 16 million votes, allowing him to have another six-year term under the new Constitution that his administration crafted.<ref name="auto1"/> Finance Minister [[Cesar Virata]] was eventually appointed to succeed Marcos as Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sp3U1oCNKlgC&pg=PA75|page=75|title=Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: the political economy of authoritarianism|first1=Albert|last1=Celoza|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1997|isbn=978-0-275-94137-6}}</ref>

In 1983, opposition leader [[Ninoy Aquino]] was assassinated at [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila International Airport]] upon his return to the Philippines after a long period of exile. This coalesced popular dissatisfaction with Marcos and began a succession of events, including pressure from the United States, that culminated in a snap [[1986 Philippine presidential election|presidential election]] in February 1986.<ref name="auto1"/> The opposition united under Aquino's widow, [[Corazon Aquino]]. The official election canvasser, the [[Commission on Elections]] (Comelec), declared Marcos the winner of the election. However, there was a large discrepancy between the Comelec results and that of [[Namfrel]], an accredited poll watcher. The allegedly fraudulent result was rejected by local and international observers.<ref name="uslc-29">{{cite web|title=Philippines – From Aquino's Assassination to People Power|url=http://countrystudies.us/philippines/29.htm|publisher=U.S. Library of Congress|access-date=August 22, 2006}}</ref> [[Jaime Sin|Cardinal Jaime Sin]] declared support for Corazon Aquino, which encouraged popular revolts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/cardinal-jaime-sin-294095.html|title=Cardinal Jaime Sin|date=June 22, 2005|website=The Independent}}</ref> General [[Fidel Ramos]] and Defense Minister [[Juan Ponce Enrile]] withdrew their support for Marcos. A peaceful civilian-military uprising, now popularly called the [[People Power Revolution]], forced Marcos into exile and installed [[Corazon Aquino]] as president on February 25, 1986. The administration of Marcos has been called by various sources as a [[kleptocracy]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manning |first1=Robert A. |title=The Philippines in Crisis |journal=Foreign Affairs |date=1984 |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=392–410 |doi=10.2307/20042190 |jstor=20042190 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1057/9780230622456_7 |chapter=The Marcos Kleptocracy |title=Corruption and Money Laundering |year=2009 |last1=Chaikin |first1=David |last2=Sharman |first2=J. C. |pages=153–186 |isbn=978-1-349-37827-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Verdier |first2=Thierry |last3=Robinson |first3=James A. |title=Kleptocracy and Divide-and-Rule: A Model of Personal Rule |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association |date=May 1, 2004 |volume=2 |issue=2–3 |pages=162–192 |doi=10.1162/154247604323067916 |s2cid=7846928 |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w10136.pdf }}</ref> and a [[conjugal dictatorship]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|last=Mijares|first=Primitivo|url=http://rizalls.lib.admu.edu.ph:8080/ebooks2/Primitivo%20Mijares.pdf|title=The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos and Imelda Marcos I|publisher=Union Square Publications|year=1976|location=San Francisco}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/>