Editing Espoo (section)

=== Cultural history ===
[[File:Söderskog Espoo 020820 b.jpg|thumb|right|Rural landscape in Söderskog]]
[[File:Träskändan kartano.jpg|thumb|right|The Träskända manor is located in central Espoo.]]
[[File:Aalto-yliopisto Otaniemi auringonlasku 2020-11-08 b.png|thumb|right|The buildings of the [[Aalto University]] are located on the lands of the old Otnäs manor.]]
[[File:Kauppamäki Kauklahti Espoo 260921 b.png|thumb|right|Kauppamäki in [[Kauklahti]]]]
The cultural landscape in Espoo started developing in river valleys and on plantations cleared on bays revealed by upthrust of land. The largest plantations were already in the map drawn in the middle 18th century mainly in the same form as in the late 20th century. Tightly built, small groups of buildings started developing on the edges of the plantations, at some places also on hills in between them. The large landscape of Snettans and Röylä stretches to the north of Lake Bodom, with the Pakankylä manor located in its southern part. There is a significant landscape to the west of the Espoo manor,<ref name="härö">Härö, Erkki: ''Espoon rakennuskulttuuri ja kulttuurimaisemat: Byggnadskulturen och kulturlandskapet i Esbo.'' Second, revised edition. Helsinki: City museum of Espoo 1991. {{ISBN|951-857-182-1}}.</ref>{{rp|10–11}} There is a large plantation landscape stretching over the Velskola manor in northern Espoo.<ref name="härö"/>{{rp|272}}

The large cultural landscape of Bemböle-Karvasmäki is located to the northeast of [[Espoon keskus]] and the clearly defined landscape of [[Söderskog]] is located to the south of it.<ref name="härö"/>{{rp|83, 140}} The well preserved village landscape of Gammelgård is located on the shore of lake [[Pitkäjärvi]] in eastern Espoo.<ref name="härö"/>{{rp|258}}

The most historically valuable landscape is located at Espoonjokilaakso near the [[Espoo Cathedral]]. The valley, surrounded by steep cliffs, was probably cleared for plantation use already in ancient times. As well as the cathedral, the landscape includes many other culturally significant buildings.<ref name="härö"/>{{rp|63}}

The typical rural village in Espoo was small: two or three houses in an asymmetric group on a hill. A notable exception was the village of Gammelgård: the village had thirteen houses in 1540. Because of the small number houses, the [[Great Partition (Sweden)|Great Partition]] in the late 18th century had little effect on the traditional cultural landscape in Espoo. The building tradition in Espoo remained old-fashioned for a long time: low paired houses were common up to the late 19th century. The storm in August 1890 brought upon a change, when new buildings according to the style at the time were built from thousands of logs felled by the storm.<ref name="härö"/>{{rp|10–11}}

Manor houses started appearing when one of the houses of the village grew larger than the others and developed into a riding farm, which ended up as property of the gentry. Thus almost all of the manor houses in Espoo are located at the site of an old peasant village. The Espoo manor was founded at the start of the new era, but most of the manor houses in Espoo had formed without an official founding in the late 18th century. The officers in [[Suomenlinna]] bought farms near Helsinki, resulting in so-called officer manor houses such as Bodom, Hovgård and Träskända. The late Carolinian appearance of the main buildings of the manor houses has been preserved the best in Bodom and Backby. The manor houses in Alberga and Kilo represent the style ideals of the late 19th century, while Träskända represents the start of the 20th century.<ref name="härö"/>{{rp|10–11}}

The owners of the manor houses started selling their lands to the municipality and to construction enterprises in the 20th century. The manor houses in southern Espoo were mostly torn down to make way for new buildings and roads. The medieval Gräsa manor, the only so-called old ''frälse'' in Espoo, was located in the Olari area. Gräsa is seen as a textbook example of the rapid and fundamental change in the cultural landscape in Espoo.<ref name="härö"/>{{rp|157}} The main buildings of the [[Hagalund manor|Hagalund]] and Matinkylä manor remain, while hardly anything remains of the Frisans and Finno manors.<ref name="härö"/>{{rp|162–163, 205, 311}} The Soukanpohja manor is the only manor house in Espoo to remain as a contiguous group of buildings. It also forms a small rural landscape in the middle of new development in the late 20th century.<ref name="härö"/>{{rp|170–171}}

The effect of the roads on the cultural landscape of Espoo is indisputable. Villages were founded along the [[King's Road (Finland)|King's Road]] and the road brought cultural influences along with it. The rural landscapes in Espoo started gradually changing in the late 19th century as new villas were founded on the coast because of regular steamship traffic. There is a well preserved summer villa milieu on the island of [[Iso Vasikkasaari]]. Many of the villas are known by their famous architects or commissioners, such as [[Villa Carlstedt]] designed by [[Lars Sonck]].<ref name="härö"/>{{rp|10–11}}

Many villas were also founded in [[Kilo, Espoo|Kilo]] and [[Leppävaara]]. The [[Karhusaari Art Centre|Karhusaari villa]] was built in southeastern Espoo in the 1890s, as well as [[Villa Rulludd]] in [[Kaitaa]].<ref name="härö"/>{{rp|167, 201}} The first villas in [[Suvisaaristo]] were built on the island of [[Tallholm]] in the 1860s, before that the area had mostly consisted of fishing villages.<ref name="härö"/>{{rp|179}} The most architecturally valuable villa in Espoo is [[Villa Miniato]] in [[Soukka]].<ref name="härö"/>{{rp|172}}

The [[Pasila]]-[[Karjaa]] railway, completed in 1903, had a significant impact on the cultural landscape of Espoo. Industrial buildings were built near the railway stations, attracting working class settlements. The first suburban areas also appeared along the railway: [[tuberculosis]] was a common cause of death among the Finns in the early 20th century, and the dry and bright hills in Espoo along with the pines growing on them were seen as suitable to prevent and treat the disease. Espoo was seen as a healthy alternative to Helsinki, but new settlement coming from the east was diverse and new residential areas were very different from each other. The city of [[Kauniainen]] developed into a showy area, while the district of [[Leppävaara]] developed into a more modest one.<ref name="härö"/>{{rp|11–12}}