Editing Creativity (section)

==== Vandervert model ====
Vandervert<ref name="Vandervert2003a">{{cite journal | last1 = Vandervert | first1 = L. | year = 2003 | title = How working memory and cognitive modeling functions of the cerebellum contribute to discoveries in mathematics | journal = New Ideas in Psychology | volume = 21 | issue = 2| pages = 159–175 | doi=10.1016/s0732-118x(03)00012-6}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite book|last=Vandervert|first=L.|year=2003|chapter=The neurophysiological basis of innovation|editor-first=L.V.|editor-last=Shavinina|title=The international handbook on innovation|pages=17–30|location=Oxford, England|publisher=Elsevier Science}}
|2={{cite journal | last1 = Vandervert | first1 = L. | last2 = Schimpf | first2 = P. | last3 = Liu | first3 = H. | s2cid = 15247122 | year = 2007 | title = How working memory and the cerebellum collaborate to produce creativity and innovation [Special Issue] | journal = Creativity Research Journal | volume = 19 | issue = 1| pages = 1–19 | doi=10.1080/10400410709336873}}
}}</ref> described how the brain's frontal lobes and the cognitive functions of the [[cerebellum]] collaborate to facilitate creativity and innovation. Vandervert's explanation rests on considerable evidence that all processes of [[working memory]] (responsible for processing all thought)<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Miyake|editor-first1=A.|editor-last2=Shah|editor-first2=P.|year=1999|title=Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control|location=New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
</ref> are adaptively modeled for increased efficiency by the cerebellum.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Schmahmann|editor-first=J.|year=1997|title=The cerebellum and cognition|location=New York|publisher=Academic Press}}</ref><ref name="Schmahmann2004">{{cite journal | author = Schmahmann J | year = 2004 | title = Disorders of the cerebellum: Ataxia, dysmetria of thought, and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome | journal = Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences| volume = 16 | issue = 3| pages = 367–378 | doi=10.1176/jnp.16.3.367 | pmid=15377747}}</ref> The cerebellum (consisting of 100 billion neurons, which is more than the in the entirety of the rest of the brain)<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1002/cne.903260405 |author1=Andersen B. |author2=Korbo L. |author3=Pakkenberg B. | year = 1992 | title = A quantitative study of the human cerebellum with unbiased stereological techniques | journal = The Journal of Comparative Neurology | volume = 326 | issue = 4| pages = 549–560 | pmid = 1484123 |s2cid=11492983 }}</ref> also adaptively models all bodily movement for efficiency. The cerebellum's adaptive models of working memory processing are then fed back to especially frontal lobe working memory control processes,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=E. |last2=Cohen |first2=J. |s2cid=7301474 | year = 2001 | title = An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function | journal = Annual Review of Neuroscience | volume = 24 | pages = 167–202 | pmid = 11283309 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 }}</ref> where creative and innovative thoughts arise.{{r|Vandervert2003a}} (Apparently, creative insight or the "aha" experience is then triggered in the temporal lobe.)<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Jung-Beeman | first1 = M. | last2 = Bowden | first2 = E. | last3 = Haberman | first3 = J. | last4 = Frymiare | first4 = J. | last5 = Arambel-Liu | first5 = S. | last6 = Greenblatt | first6 = R. | last7 = Reber | first7 = P. | last8 = Kounios | first8 = J. | year = 2004 | title = Neural activity when people solve verbal problems with insight | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020097 | pmid = 15094802 | pmc = 387268 | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 2 | issue = 4| pages = 500–510 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

According to Vandervert, the details of creative adaptation begin in "forward" cerebellar models, which are anticipatory/exploratory controls for movement and thought. These cerebellar processing and control architectures have been termed Hierarchical Modular Selection and Identification for Control (HMOSAIC).<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0835746100 |last1=Imamizu |first1=H. |last2=Kuroda |first2=T. |last3=Miyauchi |first3=S. |last4=Yoshioka |first4=T. |last5=Kawato |first5=M. | year = 2003 | title = Modular organization of internal models of tools in the cerebellum | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 100 | issue = 9| pages = 5461–5466 | pmid=12704240 | pmc=154367|doi-access=free }}</ref> New, hierarchically-arranged levels of the cerebellar control architecture (HMOSAIC) develop as mental mulling in working memory is extended over time. These new levels of the control architecture are fed forward to the frontal lobes. Since the cerebellum adaptively models all movement and all levels of thought and emotion,{{r|Schmahmann2004}} Vandervert's approach helps explain creativity and innovation in sports, art, music, the design of video games, technology, mathematics, the [[child prodigy]], and thought in general.

Vandervert argues that when a person is confronted with a challenging new situation, visual-spatial working memory and speech-related working memory are decomposed and re-composed (fractionated) by the cerebellum and then blended in the cerebral cortex in an attempt to deal with the new situation. With repeated attempts to deal with challenging situations, the cerebro-cerebellar blending process continues to optimize the efficiency of how working memory deals with the situation or problem.<ref>Vandervert, in press-a{{better citation needed|reason=unclear which one is "a"|date=July 2023}}</ref> He also argues that this is the same process (only involving visual-spatial working memory and pre-language vocalization) that led to the evolution of language in humans.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal | last1 = Vandervert | first1 = L | year = 2011 | title = The evolution of language: The cerebro-cerebellar blending of visual-spatial working memory with vocalizations | journal = The Journal of Mind and Behavior | volume = 32 | pages = 317–334 }}
|2=Vandervert, L. (in press). "How the blending of cerebellar internal models can explain the evolution of thought and language." Cerebellum.
}}</ref> Vandervert and Vandervert–Weathers have pointed out that this blending process, because it continuously optimizes efficiencies, constantly improves prototyping attempts toward the invention or innovation of new ideas, music, art, or technology.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vandervert|first1=Larry|last2=Vandervert-Weathers|first2=Kimberly J.|chapter=New Brain-Imaging Studies Indicate how Prototyping is Related to Entrepreneurial giftedness and innovation education in children|editor-first=Larisa|editor-last=Shavinina|title=The Routledge International Handbook of Innovation Education|location=London|publisher=Routledge|pages=79–91}}</ref> Prototyping, they argue, not only produces new products, it trains the cerebro-cerebellar pathways involved to become more efficient at prototyping itself. Furthermore, Vandervert and Vandervert-Weathers believe that this repetitive "mental prototyping", or mental rehearsal involving the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex, explains the success of the self-driven, individualized patterning of repetitions initiated by the teaching methods of the [[Khan Academy]].

The model proposed by Vandervert has, however, received incisive critique from several authors.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal | last1 = Brown | first1 = J. | year = 2007 | title = On Vandervert ''et al.'' 'Working memory cerebellum, and creativity' | journal = Creat. Res. J. | volume = 19 | pages = 25–29 | doi=10.1080/10400410709336875| s2cid = 143457667 |display-authors=etal}}
|2={{cite journal | last1 = Abraham | first1 = A. | s2cid = 43976883 | year = 2007 | title = Can a neural system geared to bring about rapid, predictive, and efficient function explain creativity? | journal = Creat. Res. J. | volume = 19 | pages = 19–24 | doi=10.1080/10400410709336874}}
}}</ref>