Editing Andalusia (section)

===Culture===

====Customs and society====
[[File:El_Rocio_church_interior_R01.jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[Hermitage of El Rocío]], with the altar of the [[Virgin of El Rocío]]]]
Each sub-region in Andalusia has its own unique customs that represent a fusion of Catholicism and local folklore. Cities like Almería have been influenced historically by both [[Granada]] and Murcia in the use of traditional head coverings. The ''sombrero de Labrador'', a worker's hat made of black velvet, is a signature style of the region.

In Cádiz, traditional costumes with rural origins are worn at bullfights and at parties on the large estates. The ''tablao flamenco'' dance and the accompanying ''[[cante jondo]]'' vocal style originated in Andalusia and traditionally most often performed by the gypsy ([[Gitanos]]). One of the most distinctive cultural events in Andalusia is the [[Romeria de El Rocio|Romería de El Rocío]] in May. It consists of a pilgrimage to the [[Hermitage of El Rocío]] in the countryside near [[Almonte, Spain|Almonte]], in honor of the [[Virgin of El Rocío]], an image of the [[Virgin and Child]].<ref name=travelguides>[http://www.visithuelva.com/travelguides/province_elrocio-thepilgrimage.htm El Rocio Pilgrimage] {{webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031134621/http://www.visithuelva.com/travelguides/province_elrocio-thepilgrimage.htm |date=31 October 2015 }}, visithuelva.com. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120724002341/http://www.hermandadrociosevilla.com/EL%20ROCIO/ hermandadrociosevilla.com]}}, ''passim''. Retrieved 14 April 2010.</ref> In recent times the ''Romería'' has attracted roughly a million pilgrims each year.<ref name="Díaz Pérez">[[Eva Díaz Pérez]], [http://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2001/CR293/CR293-06.html "Los excesos del Rocío"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226000150/https://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2001/CR293/CR293-06.html |date=26 February 2021 }}, ''El Mundo'', 27 May 2001. Retrieved 14 April 2010.</ref>

In [[Province of Jaén (Spain)|Jaén]], the [[saeta (flamenco)|saeta]] is a revered form of Spanish religious song, whose form and style has evolved over many centuries. Saetas evoke strong emotion and are sung most often during public processions. ''Verdiales'', based upon the [[Fandango (dance)|fandango]], are a flamenco music style and song form originating in Almogia, near Málaga. For this reason, the Verdiales are sometimes known as ''Fandangos de Málaga.'' The region also has a rich musical tradition of flamenco songs, or [[Palo (flamenco)|palos]] called [[cartageneras]]. Seville celebrates ''[[Holy Week in Seville|Semana Santa]]'', one of the better known religious events within Spain. During the festival, religious fraternities dress as penitents and carry large floats of lifelike wooden sculptures representing scenes of the [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion]], and images of the Virgin Mary. [[Sevillanas]], a type of old folk music sung and written in Seville and still very popular, are performed in fairs and festivals, along with an associated dance for the music, the ''Baile por sevillanas''. All the different regions of Andalusia have developed their own distinctive customs, but all share a connectedness to Catholicism as developed during baroque [[Spain]] society.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kern |title=The Regions of Spain |year=1995 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-29224-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/regionsofspainre00kern}}</ref>

====Andalusian Spanish====
{{Main|Andalusian Spanish}}
[[File:Andalucía ceceante y seseante.PNG|thumb|300px|Most Spanish dialects in Spain differentiate between the sound of "z" and "c" (before e and i), pronounced {{IPA|/θ/}}, and that of "s", pronounced {{IPA|/s/}}. This distinction is lost in many Andalusian-speaking areas. In some mostly southerly areas, shown here in red, all three letters are pronounced {{IPA|/θ/|cat=no}}, which is known as ''[[Ceceo]]''. In other areas, all three letters are pronounced ({{IPA|/s/}}), which is known as ''[[Seseo]]''. Still other areas retain the distinction found elsewhere in Spain. Note that the city of [[Cádiz]] has seseo.]]

Andalusian Spanish is one of the most widely spoken forms of [[Spanish language|Spanish]] in Spain, and because of emigration patterns was very influential on [[Spanish language in the Americas|American Spanish]]. Rather than a single dialect, it is really a range of dialects sharing some common features; among these is
the retention of more [[Arabic language|Arabic]] words than elsewhere in Spain,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fernández-Sevilla, Julio |title=Objetividad y subjetividad. Datos para el nombre de un dialecto |year=1976 |journal=Revista de dialectología y tradiciones populares |volume=32 |number=1/4 |issn=0034-7981 |pages=173–184}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=De Cos, F.J. |title=Las variedades lingüísticas en la enseñanza de E/LE: aplicación a la modalidad oral andaluza |year=2006 |journal=RedELE: Revista Electrónica de Didáctica ELE |number=6 |issn=1571-4667 |url=http://www.mepsyd.es/redele/revista6/FJavierdeCos.pdf |access-date=16 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224061518/http://www.mepsyd.es/redele/revista6/FJavierdeCos.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> as well as some [[phonology|phonological differences]] compared with [[Standard Spanish]]. The [[isogloss]]es that mark the borders of Andalusian Spanish overlap to form a network of divergent boundaries, so there is no clear border for the linguistic region.<ref>For some maps of various isoglosses, see the online [http://www.jotamartin.byethost33.com/alpi0_e.php Isogloss maps for Iberian Peninsula Spanish, according to ALPI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928104728/http://www.jotamartin.byethost33.com/alpi0_e.php |date=28 September 2011 }}.</ref> [[Andalusian language movement|A fringe movement]] promoting an Andalusian language independent from Spanish exists.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.libertaddigital.com/andalucia/2021-09-27/la-extrema-izquierda-andaluza-reivindica-el-andaluh-en-el-senado-6822275/ |title=La extrema izquierda andaluza reivindica el 'andalûh' en el Senado |newspaper=[[Libertad Digital]] |date=27 September 2021 |language=es}}</ref>

====Religion====
[[File:Paso de palio de la virgen Maria santísima del amor de San Fernando 04791.jpg|left|thumb|Procession with statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Love of Saint Ferdinand (''Maria santísima del amor de San Fernando''), Cádiz.]]
The territory now known as Andalusia fell within the sphere of influence of ancient Mediterranean [[mythology|mythological]] beliefs. Phoenician colonization brought the cults of [[Baal]] and [[Melqart]]; the latter lasted into Roman times as [[Hercules]], mythical founder of both Cádiz and Seville. The [[Islote de Sancti Petri]] held the supposed tomb of Hercules, with representations of his [[Labours of Hercules|Twelve labors]]; the region was the traditional site of the tenth labor, obtaining the cattle of the monster [[Geryon]]. Traditionally, the [[Pillars of Hercules]] flank the [[Strait of Gibraltar]]. Clearly, the European pillar is the [[Rock of Gibraltar]]; the African pillar was presumably either [[Monte Hacho]] in [[Ceuta]] or [[Jebel Musa (Morocco)|Jebel Musa]] in [[Morocco]]. The [[Roman road]] that led from Cádiz to Rome was known by several names, one of them being ''{{ill|Via Herculea|fr|Via Herculia|it|Via Herculia|sv|Via Herculea}}'', Hercules route returning from his tenth labor. The present [[coat of arms of Andalusia]] shows Hercules between two lions, with two pillars behind these figures.

[[Roman Catholicism]] is, by far, the largest religion in Andalusia. In 2012, the proportion of [[Andalusians]] that identify themselves as Roman Catholic was 78.8%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/vangdata/20150402/54429637154/interactivo-creencias-y-practicas-religiosas-en-espana.html |title=Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España |date=2 April 2015 |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404024037/http://www.lavanguardia.com/vangdata/20150402/54429637154/interactivo-creencias-y-practicas-religiosas-en-espana.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Spanish Catholic religion constitute a traditional vehicle of Andalusian cultural cohesion,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Opas |first1=Minna |last2=Haapalainen |first2=Anna |title=Christianity and the Limits of Materiality |year=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=UK |isbn=9781474291781 |pages=243}}</ref> and the principal characteristic of the local popular form of Catholicism is devotion to the [[Virgin Mary]]; Andalusia is sometimes known as ''la tierra de María Santísima'' ("the land of Most Holy Mary").<ref>See [http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=tierra ''la tierra de María Santísima''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040134/http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=Tierra |date=5 March 2016 }} in the dictionary of the [[Real Academia Española]].</ref> Also characteristic are the processions during [[Holy Week]], in which thousands of [[penance|penitents]] (known as ''nazarenos'') sing [[saeta (flamenco)|saetas]]. Andalusia is the site of such [[pilgrim]] destinations as the {{ill|Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza|ca|Santuari de la Mare de Déu de la Cabeza|de|Wallfahrtskirche Virgen de la Cabeza|es|Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza|it|Basilica di Nostra Signora della Cabeza}} in [[Andújar]] and the [[Hermitage of El Rocío]] in [[Almonte, Spain|Almonte]].

====Bullfighting====
[[File:Joselito natural.jpg|thumb|[[José Gómez Ortega]]: Joselito "El Gallo".]]
While some trace the lineage of the [[Spanish Fighting Bull]] back to Roman times, today's fighting bulls in the Iberian peninsula and in the former [[Spanish Empire]] trace back to Andalusia in the 15th and 16th centuries.<ref name=repetida_1>{{cite web |url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=638755 |title=Las plazas de toros de Andalucía y su incidencia turística |access-date=6 October 2008 |last1=Cepeda Carrión |first1=Gabriel |first2=María |last2=del Milagro Martín López |page=14 |language=es}}</ref> Andalusia remains a center of bull-rearing and [[Spanish-style bullfighting|bullfighting]]: its 227 ''fincas de ganado'' where fighting bulls are raised cover {{convert|146917|ha|acre}}.<ref name=repetida_1 /> In the year 2000, Andalusia's roughly 100 [[bullring]]s hosted 1,139 ''[[Spanish-style bullfighting|corridas]]''.<ref name=repetida_1 />

The oldest bullring still in use in Spain is the [[Neoclassicism|neoclassical]] ''[[Plaza de Toros de Ronda|Plaza de toros]]'' in [[Ronda]], built in 1784. The Andalusian Autonomous Government sponsors the ''Rutas de Andalucía taurina'', a touristic route through the region centered on bullfighting.

====Festivals====
[[File:Cruz de mayo bailio.jpg|thumb|left|[[Cruz de mayo]] of the [[confraternity]] Hermandad de la Paz y Esperanza ("Brotherhood of Peace and Hope"), [[Cuesta del Bailío]], Córdoba.]]
The Andalusian festivals provide a showcase for popular arts and traditional costume. Among the most famous of these are the [[Seville Fair]] or ''Feria de Abril'' in Seville, now echoed by smaller fairs in Madrid and Barcelona, both of which have many Andalusian immigrants; the ''[[Feria de Agosto]]'' in Málaga; the [[Feria de Jerez]] or ''Feria del Caballo'' in Jerez; the {{ill|Corpus Christi in Granada|lt=Feast of Corpus Christi|es|Corpus Christi en Sevilla}} in Granada; the {{ill|Feria de Nuestra Señora de la Salud|es|Feria de Córdoba (España)}} in Córdoba; the [[Columbian Festivals]] (''Fiestas Colombinas'') in Huelva; the [[Feria de la Virgen del Mar]] in [[Almería]]; and the {{ill|Feria de San Lucas|es|Feria de San Lucas (Jaén)}} in Jaén, among many others.

Festivals of a religious nature are a deep Andalusian tradition and are met with great popular fervor. There are numerous major festivals during [[Holy Week]]. An annual pilgrimage brings a million visitors to the Hermitage of El Rocío in Almonte (population 16,914 in 2008); similarly large crowds visit the Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza in Andújar every April.

Other important festivals are the [[Carnival of Cádiz]] and the [[Fiesta de las Cruces]] or [[Cruz de mayo]] in Granada and Córdoba; in Córdoba this is combined with a competition for among the ''patios'' (courtyards) of the city.

Andalusia hosts an annual festival for the dance of flamenco in the summer-time.

====Cuisine====
{{Main|Andalusian cuisine|List of Andalusian food and drink products with protected status}}
[[File:Tomato gazpacho.jpg|thumb|''[[Gazpacho]]'' served with ''tropezones'' (chopped vegetables).]]
The Andalusian diet varies, especially between the coast and the interior, but in general is a [[Mediterranean diet]] based on [[olive oil]], [[cereal]]s, [[legume]]s, [[vegetable]]s, [[fish]], [[dried fruit]]s and [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]], and [[meat]]; there is also a great tradition of drinking [[wine]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Jiménez, C. |author2=López, B. |title=Gastronomía andaluza y dieta mediterránea |year=2000 |publisher=Miramar |location=Málaga |isbn=84-922831-9-X |language=es}}</ref>

[[Fried fish]]—''pescaíto frito''—and [[seafood]] are common on the coast and also eaten well into the interior under coastal influence. [[Atlantic bluefin tuna]] (''Thunnus thynnus'') from the [[Almadraba]] areas of the [[Gulf of Cádiz]], [[prawn]]s from [[Sanlúcar de Barrameda]] (known as ''langostino de Sanlúcar''), and deepwater rose shrimp (''{{Interlanguage link|Parapenaeus longirostris|es}}'') from Huelva are all highly prized. Fishing for the transparent goby or ''chanquete'' (''[[Aphia minuta]]''), a once-popular small fish from Málaga, is now banned because the techniques used to catch them trap too many immature fish of [[Bycatch|other species]].<ref>Resolución del 20 de junio de 1988 de la Dirección General de Pesca, por la que se establece una pesca indefinida para la pesca del Aphia minuta (chanquete) y similares (BOJA nº57 de 19 de julio de 1988).</ref>

The mountainous regions of the Sierra Morena and Sierra Nevada produce cured [[ham]]s, notably including ''[[jamón serrano]]'' and ''[[jamón ibérico]]''. These come from two different types of pig, (''jamón serrano'' from white pigs, the more expensive ''jamón ibérico'' from the [[Black Iberian pig]]). There are several [[Denominación de origen|denominaciones de origen]], each with its own specifications including in just which [[microclimate]] region ham of a particular denomination must be cured. ''[[Plato alpujarreño]]'' is another mountain specialty, a dish combining ham, sausage, sometimes other pork, egg, potatoes, and olive oil.

[[Confectionery]] is popular in Andalusia. [[Almond]]s and [[honey]] are common ingredients. Many enclosed [[convent]]s of [[nun]]s make and sell pastries, especially Christmas pastries: ''[[mantecado]]s'', ''[[polvorón|polvorones]]'', ''[[pestiños]]'', ''[[alfajor]]es'', ''{{ill|yemas de San Leandro|es|Yemas de San Leandro|ru|Желтки святого Леандра}}'', as well as ''[[churro]]s'' or ''{{lang|es|tejeringos}}'', [[meringue]] cookies (''merengadas''), and ''{{ill|amarguillo|lt=amarguillos|es|amarguillo}}''.

Cereal-based dishes include ''[[migas]] de harina'' in eastern Andalusia (a similar dish to [[couscous]] rather than the fried breadcrumb based ''migas'' elsewhere in Spain) and a sweeter, more aromatic porridge called ''[[poleá]]'' in western Andalusia.
Vegetables form the basis of such dishes as ''{{lang|es|[[alboronía]]}}'' (similar to ''ratatouille'') and the chopped salad known as ''{{lang|es|[[pipirrana]]}}'' or ''{{lang|es|piriñaca}}''. Hot and cold soups based in olive oil, garlic, bread, tomato and peppers include ''[[gazpacho]]'', ''[[salmorejo]]'', ''[[porra antequerana]]'', ''[[ajo caliente]]'', ''[[sopa campera]]'', or—using almonds instead of tomato—''[[ajoblanco]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Moreno, J. |title=Productos americanos y gastronomía andaluza: el gazpacho |year=1998 |journal=Isla de Arriarán: Revista cultural y científica |number=11 |issn=1133-6293 |pages=423–440 |url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/fichero_articulo?codigo=2571410&orden=0 |language=es}}</ref>

Wine has a privileged place at the Andalusian table. Andalusian wines are known worldwide, especially [[fortified wine]]s such as [[sherry]] (''jerez''), aged in [[solera]]s. These are enormously varied; for example, dry sherry may be the very distinct ''[[fino]]'', ''[[manzanilla (wine)|manzanilla]]'', ''[[amontillado]]'', ''[[oloroso]]'', or ''[[Palo Cortado]]'' and each of these varieties can each be sweetened with [[Pedro Ximénez]] or [[Muscat of Alexandria|Moscatel]] to produce a different variety of sweet sherry.<ref>{{cite book |last=Iglesias Rodríguez |first=Juan José (coor.) |title=Historia y cultura del vino en Andalucía |year=1995 |publisher=Universidad de Sevilla |isbn=84-472-0210-0 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Moreno, I. |chapter=La cultura del vino en Andalucía: identidades socioculturales y culturas del trabajo |title=Historia y cultura del vino en Andalucía |publisher=Ed. J.J. Iglesias |year=1995 |isbn=84-472-0210-0 |pages=179–200 |language=es}}</ref> Besides sherry, Andalucía has five other [[Denominación de origen|denominaciones de origen]] for wine: [[D.O. Condado de Huelva]], [[D.O. Manzanilla-Sanlúcar de Barrameda]], [[Málaga and Sierras de Málaga|D.O. Málaga]], [[D.O. Montilla-Moriles]], and [[Málaga and Sierras de Málaga|D.O. Sierras de Málaga]].<ref name=MAPA-DO>For greater specificity on the denominaciones de origen, see [http://www.mapa.es/es/alimentacion/pags/Denominacion/consulta.asp M.A.P.A.] {{webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306042138/http://www.mapa.es/es/alimentacion/pags/denominacion/consulta.asp |date=6 March 2011 }}, in Spanish.</ref> Most Andalusian wine comes from one of these regions, but there are other historic wines without a [[Protected Geographical Status]], for example [[Tintilla de Rota]], [[Pajarete]], [[Moscatel de Chipiona]] and [[Mosto de Umbrete]].

Andalusia also produces D.O. [[vinegar]] and [[brandy]]: [[D.O. Vinagre de Jerez]] and [[D.O. Brandy de Jerez]].<ref name=MAPA-DO/>

====Other traditions====
[[File:Misericordia Trono 3.jpg|thumb|Holy Week procession in [[Malaga]].]]
The traditional dress of 18th-century Andalusia was strongly influenced by ''{{lang|es|[[majo|majismo]]}}'' within the context of ''[[castizo|casticismo]]'' (purism, traditionalism, authenticity). The archetype of the ''majo'' and ''maja'' was that of a bold, pure Spaniard from a lower-class background, somewhat flamboyant in his or her style of dress. This emulation of lower-class dress also extended to imitating the clothes of brigands and [[Gitanos|Romani]] ("Gypsy") women.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Worth |first=Susannah |date=2014-05-01 |title=Gitana Dress and Dress à la Gitana |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/0361211214Z.00000000022? |journal=Dress |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=31–45 |doi=10.1179/0361211214Z.00000000022 |issn=0361-2112}}</ref>

The [[Museum of Arts and Traditions of Sevilla]] <!-- that's the name the institution itself uses in English, including the Spanish spelling "Sevilla" --> has collected representative samples of a great deal of the history of Andalusian dress, including examples of such notable types of hat as the ''[[sombrero cordobés]], ''[[sombrero calañés]], ''[[sombrero de catite]]'' and the ''{{ill|pavero|es|pavero}}'', as well as the ''[[traje corto]]'' and ''[[traje de flamenca]]''.

Andalusia has a great artisan tradition in [[tile]], [[leather]] (''see [[Shell cordovan]]''), [[weaving]] (especially of the heavy ''[[jarapa]]'' cloth), [[marquetry]], and [[ceramic]]s (especially in Jaén, Granada, and Almería), [[lace]] (especially Granada and Huelva), [[embroidery]] (in [[Andévalo]]), [[ironwork]], [[woodworking]], and [[basketry]] in [[wicker]], many of these traditions a heritage of the long period of Muslim rule.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Caravaca, I. |title=La artesanía andaluza |year=1986 |journal=Revista de estudios andaluces |number=7 |issn=0212-8594 |pages=37–50 |doi=10.12795/rea.1986.i07.02 |language=es |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Andalusia is also known for its dogs, particularly the [[Andalusian Hound]], which was originally bred in the region. Dogs, not just andalusian hounds, are very popular in the region.

Andalusian equestrianism, institutionalized in the [[Royal Andalusian School of Equestrian Art]] is known well beyond the borders of Spain. The [[Andalusian horse]] is strongly built, compact yet elegant, distinguished in the area of [[dressage]] and [[show jumping]], and is also an excellent horse for [[driving (horse)|driving]]. They are known for their elegant "dancing" [[gait]].<ref>[http://www.realescuela.org/home.htm Real Escuela Andaluza de Arte Ecuestre] {{Webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215100745/http://www.realescuela.org/home.htm |date=15 December 2009 }}, official site.</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Alhambra - decorazioni2.JPG|Tiles from the Alhambra.
File:Andalusian, in "Majo" dress.jpg|Andalusian, in "Majo" dress
File:Conjunto sombreros.jpg|alt=Sombreros cordobeses|''Sombreros cordobeses''.
File:Chorromujo.jpg|alt=Sombrero de catite|''Sombrero de catite''.
</gallery>