Editing ASEAN (section)

===Piracy===
[[Piracy in the Strait of Malacca|Piracy in the strait of Malacca]] and in the Sulu and Celebes Sea is one of the main non-traditional security threats for the region, it has challenged the capacity of its members to ensure coordination of effective policy actions to reduce this phenomenon. As highlighted by the [[ReCAAP]] report of 2020: "The increase of incidents (in Asia) during January–June 2020 occurred in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, South China Sea and Singapore Strait."<ref>{{Cite web|last=ReCAAP|date=2020|title=ReCAAP ISC Half Yearly Report 2020|url=https://www.recaap.org/resources/ck/files/reports/half-year/ReCAAP%20ISC%20Half%20Yearly%20Report%202020.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717105841/https://www.recaap.org/resources/ck/files/reports/half-year/ReCAAP%20ISC%20Half%20Yearly%20Report%202020.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The increment of incidents during 2020, have raised alerts in the region as the phenomenon of piracy could be fostered by the social consequences of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], in their Fourteenth Asean Ministerial Meeting On Transnational Crime<ref>{{Cite web|last=ASEAN|date=2020|title=JOINT STATEMENT FOURTEENTH ASEAN MINISTERIAL MEETING ON TRANSNATIONAL CRIME (14th AMMTC)Cohesive and Responsive ASEAN against Transnational Crime|url=https://asean.org/storage/ADOPTED-JOINT-STATEMENT-14TH-AMMTC.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224195106/https://asean.org/storage/ADOPTED-JOINT-STATEMENT-14TH-AMMTC.pdf|archive-date=24 February 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> the ministers agreed that ASEAN should embrace a greater commitment to strengthen the measures in combating transnational crime in the context of the pandemic. Despite this statement, ASEAN has not updated their plans for combating piracy, although member states created and enforced the [[Maritime Security Plan of Action 2018-2020]], to address the national legal enforcement capacities and creating a common protocol of action to counter piracy allowing the region to cooperate for ensuring the security of the Pacific Ocean, new discussions and agendas for new measures has not been enforced yet.

Accordingly, this plan reinforces the necessity to secure the seas due to the importance of this region geographical and economically, its strategic position as the main link between the Indian and the Pacific Ocean and the region serving as the main passage that connects middle east economies and India with China, Japan, South Korea and Australia. This plan is mainly focused in three priorities:<ref>{{Cite web|last=ASEAN|title=ASEAN Regional Forum Work Plan For Maritime Security 2018–2020|url=https://aseanregionalforum.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/ARF-Maritime-Security-Work-Plan-2018-2020.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524183935/https://aseanregionalforum.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/ARF-Maritime-Security-Work-Plan-2018-2020.pdf|archive-date=24 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

# Shared Awareness and exchange of best practices.
# Confidence building measures based on international and regional legal frameworks, arrangements and cooperation.
# Capacity building and enhancing cooperation of maritime law enforcement agencies in the region.

In this sense, spread all over the countries of Southeast Asia, criminal organizations with complex structures pose a challenge to ASEAN's coordination capacity to solve the problem despite the plans created within its institutional framework. Although some measures have been implemented by ASEAN,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Haward|first=Marcus|date=2014-07-03|title=Editorial|journal=Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs|volume=6|issue=3|pages=117–118|doi=10.1080/18366503.2014.954300|s2cid=220296737|issn=1836-6503}}</ref> still the complexity of the problem requires deep solutions of cooperation that might alter the balance of its framework. The maritime security plans for the region are based on the ASEAN idea of political-security community; the two main objectives of the APSC are: "to accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development by promoting an identity of equality and partnership as the main foundations of peace and prosperity".<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, the APSC promotes "regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries of the region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Putra|first1=Bama|last2=Darwis|first2=Darwis|last3=Burhanuddin|first3=Burhanuddin|date=March 2019|title=ASEAN Political-Security Community: Challenges of establishing regional security in the Southeast Asia|url=https://www.jois.eu/?488,en_asean-political-security-community-challenges-of-establishing-regional-security-in-the-southeast-asia|journal=Journal of International Studies|volume=12|issue=1|pages=33–49|doi=10.14254/2071-8330.2019/12-1/2|issn=2071-8330|doi-access=free}}</ref> &nbsp;

Nonetheless, the institutional framework and decision-making procedures in ASEAN make difficult to reach agreements on piracy. ASEAN has struggled to deliver a coordinated response to solve this problem in the region mainly by two reasons: the first one, could be related to the focalized nature of the problem in subregions rather than the whole region. Consequently, this focalization generates that the discussions in the main forums (The ASEAN maritime forum (AMF) and Maritime Security Expert Working Group (MSEWG)) have not resulted in actual measures that tackle piracy and involve all member states as major consensus should be reached to enforce them. One example of this, is the possibility discussed by the 10 ASEAN member states to create a joint ASEAN navy in 2015 to carry on operations in one of the piracy hotspots in the region,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Southgate|first=Laura|date=2015|title=Piracy in the Malacca Strait: Can ASEAN Respond?|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/07/piracy-in-the-malacca-strait-can-asean-respond/}}</ref> the strait of Malacca, this proposal ended up being enforced by bilateral/sub-regional efforts rather than in the ASEAN framework (see [[ReCAAP]] for further information).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Piracy, maritime terrorism and securing the Malacca Straits|date=2006|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|editor=Graham Gerard Ong |isbn=981-230-391-X|location=Singapore|oclc=77502405}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Anushree|date=December 2010|title=Understanding Security in Regionalism Framework: ASEAN Maritime Security in Perspective|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09733159.2010.559786|journal=Maritime Affairs:Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India|volume=6|issue=2|pages=72–89|doi=10.1080/09733159.2010.559786|s2cid=109034519|issn=0973-3159}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haacke|first=Jürgen|date=September 2009|title=The ASEAN Regional Forum: from dialogue to practical security cooperation?|journal=Cambridge Review of International Affairs|volume=22|issue=3|pages=427–449|doi=10.1080/09557570903104057|s2cid=144870373|issn=0955-7571|doi-access=free}}</ref> &nbsp;The second one, consensus on non-traditional security issues has been difficult to reach due to contradictory interest between member states, particularly in joint operations between navies and the reach of these joint operations. These issues are generated mainly by unresolved territorial disputes, specially in the maritime domain, at some extent they pose a challenge to ASEAN members in their capacity to cooperate in regards to the [[maritime security]] approach.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last=Andrew|first=Ivan Mario|date=2017|title=Developing Defence Cooperation in Maintaining ASEAN's Resilience in Managing Conflict and Unconventional Threat|journal=The Journal of Defence and Security|volume=8|pages=14–27|via=ProQuest Central}}</ref>

Consequently, a greater multilateral cooperation has been pushed by the members to solve the piracy challenges on economy, trading and security. Members of the ASEAN, have addressed the necessity for the regional organization to make some concessions and rearrangements to respond to the challenges that non-traditional security (specifically piracy) issues posse to the security of the ASEAN members. Despite the efforts and plans made by the ASEAN, this organization is expected to overcome the image of being regarded solely as a forum to discuss security issues. Two possible solutions has been proposed by some member states for this purpose: 1. Promoting relationships with other major actors regionally to overcome the short-time challenges and 2. Rearrange the institutional framework to "avoid contention and seek cooperation to maximize the aggregate ability in order to benefit from making the sea fulfil its economic, security and other goals".<ref name=":1" />