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== Artistic depictions == {{Main|Aniconism in Buddhism|Buddha in art|Life of Buddha in art}} The earliest artistic depictions of the Buddha found at [[Bharhut]] and [[Sanchi]] are aniconic and symbolic. During this early aniconic period, the Buddha is depicted by other objects or symbols, such as an empty throne, a riderless horse, footprints, a [[Dharmachakra|Dharma wheel]] or a [[Bodhi Tree|Bodhi tree]].{{sfnp|Leidy|2008|p=15}} Since aniconism precludes single devotional figures, most representations are of [[Life of Buddha in art|narrative scenes from his life]]. These continued to be very important after the Buddha's person could be shown, alongside larger statues. The art at Sanchi also depicts [[Jataka tales]], narratives of the Buddha in his past lives.{{sfnp|Leidy|2008|p=19}} Other styles of Indian Buddhist art depict the Buddha in human form, either standing, sitting crossed legged (often in the [[Lotus position|Lotus Pose]]) or lying down on one side. Iconic representations of the Buddha became particularly popular and widespread after the first century CE.{{sfnp|Leidy|2008|p=31}} Some of these depictions, particularly those of [[Gandharan Buddhism]] and [[Buddhism in Central Asia|Central Asian Buddhism]], were influenced by [[Hellenistic art]], a style known as [[Greco-Buddhist art]].{{sfnp|Marshall|1960|pp=1β40}} The subsequently influenced the art of [[East Asian Buddhism|East Asian Buddhist]] images, as well as those of Southeast Asian Theravada Buddhism. === Gallery showing different Buddha styles === <gallery> File:A Royal Couple Visits the Buddha, from railing of the Bharhut Stupa, Shunga dynasty, early 2nd century BC, Bharhut, Madhya Pradesh, India, sandstone - Freer Gallery of Art - DSC05134.JPG|A Royal Couple Visits the Buddha, from railing of the Bharhut Stupa, Shunga dynasty, early 2nd century BC. File:Adoration of the Diamond Throne and the Bodhi Tree Bharhut relief.jpg|Adoration of the Diamond Throne and the Bodhi Tree, Bharhut. File:Descent of the Buddha from the Trayastrimsa Heaven Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|Descent of the Buddha from the Trayastrimsa Heaven, Sanchi Stupa No. 1. File:Miracle at Kapilavastu Suddhodana praying as his son the Buddha rises in the air with only path visible Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|The Buddha's Miracle at Kapilavastu, Sanchi Stupa 1. File:Bamboo garden (Venuvana) at Rajagriha, the visit of Bimbisara.jpg|Bimbisara visiting the Buddha (represented as empty throne) at the Bamboo garden in Rajagriha File:Andhra pradesh, la grande dipartita, da regione di amaravati, II sec.JPG|The great departure with riderless horse, Amaravati, 2nd century CE. File:MaraAssault.jpg|The Assault of Mara, Amaravati, 2nd century CE. File:Isapur Buddha.jpg|Isapur Buddha, one of the earliest physical depictions of the Buddha, {{circa|15 CE}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE β 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |pages=199β206, 204 for the exact date |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA204}}</ref> [[Art of Mathura]] File:The Buddha attended by Indra at Indrasala Cave, Mathura 50-100 CE.jpg|The Buddha attended by Indra at Indrasala Cave, Mathura 50-100 CE. File:Buddha Preaching in Tushita Heaven. Amaravati, Satavahana period, 2d century AD. Indian Museum, Calcutta.jpg|Buddha Preaching in Tushita Heaven. [[Amaravati]], [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana period]], 2nd century CE. Indian Museum, Kolkata. File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|Standing Buddha from Gandhara. File:Berenike Buddha (drawing).jpg|The ''[[Berenike Buddha]]'', discovered in [[Berenice Troglodytica|Berenice]], Egypt, 2nd century CE. File:Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG|Gandharan Buddha with [[Vajrapani]]-[[Heracles|Herakles]]. File:BuddhaTriadAndKushanCouple.JPG|[[Kushan art|Kushan]] period Buddha Triad. File:Buddha Statue, Sanchi 01.jpg|Buddha statue from Sanchi. File:Four Scenes from the Life of the Buddha - Birth of the Buddha - Kushan dynasty, late 2nd to early 3rd century AD, Gandhara, schist - Freer Gallery of Art - DSC05128.JPG|Birth of the Buddha, [[Kushan dynasty]], late 2nd to early 3rd century CE. File:InfantBuddhaTakingABathGandhara2ndCenturyCE.jpg|The infant Buddha taking a bath, Gandhara 2nd century CE. File:Buddha with radiate halo and mandorla.Gandhara.Met.jpg|6th century Gandharan Buddha. File:Upper Floor, Cave No. 6, Ajanta Caves - 1.jpg|Buddha at Cave No. 6, [[Ajanta Caves]]. File:Standing Buddha Installed by Buddist Monk Yasadinna - Circa 5th Century CE - Jamalpur Mound - ACCN 00-A-5 - Government Museum Mathura Golden background.jpg|Standing Buddha, {{Circa|5th century CE}}. File:Sarnath standing Buddha 5th century CE.jpg|Sarnath standing Buddha, 5th century CE. File:British Museum - Seated Buddha (Gupta period).JPG|Seated Buddha, [[Gupta art|Gupta period]]. File:Gal Viharaya 02.jpg|Seated Buddha at [[Gal Vihara]], Sri Lanka. File:Clevelandart 1914.567.jpg|Chinese [[Stele]] with Sakyamuni and Bodhisattvas, Wei period, 536 CE. File:Asuka dera daibutsu.jpg|The Shakyamuni Daibutsu Bronze, {{Circa|609}}, [[Nara, Nara|Nara]], Japan. File:Buddha Seguntang Palembang.jpg|Amaravati style Buddha of [[Srivijaya]] period, Palembang, Indonesia, 7th century. File:Seokguram Buddha.JPG|Korean [[Seokguram]] Cave Buddha, {{circa|774 CE}}. File:Buddha Mendut.jpg|Seated Buddha [[Vairocana]] flanked by [[Avalokiteshvara]] and [[Vajrapani]] of [[Mendut]] temple, Central Java, Indonesia, early 9th century. File:Stupa Borobudur.jpg|Buddha in the exposed [[stupa]] of [[Borobudur]] mandala, Central Java, Indonesia, {{Circa|825}}. File:023 Vairocana Buddha, 9c, Srivijaya (35212721926).jpg|Vairocana Buddha of [[Srivijaya]] style, Southern Thailand, 9th century. File:Seated Shaka Nyorai (Sakyamuni, Gautama Buddha).jpg|Seated Buddha, Japan, [[Heian period]], 9thοΌ10th century. File:FireLanceAndGrenade10thCenturyDunhuang.jpg|Attack of Mara, 10th century, [[Dunhuang]]. File:Naga-enthroned Buddha - Beyond Angkor - Cleveland Museum of Art (40887945882).jpg|Cambodian Buddha with [[Mucalinda]] [[NΔga]], {{circa|1100 CE}}, Banteay Chhmar, [[Cambodia]] File:Thai - Buddha at the Moment of Victory - Walters 542775.jpg|15th century [[Sukhothai Kingdom|Sukhothai]] Buddha. File:Thai - Walking Buddha - Walters 542765.jpg|15th century Sukhothai Walking Buddha. File:Sakyamuni, Lao Tzu, and Confucius - Google Art Project.jpg|Sakyamuni, Lao Tzu, and Confucius, c. from 1368 until 1644. File:Shakyamuni detail, Clevelandart 1991.9 (cropped).jpg|Chinese depiction of Shakyamuni, 1600. File:Sakyamuni Buddha on Snowy Mount, Tay Phuong pagoda, Ha Tay province, 1794 AD, lacquered wood - Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts - Hanoi, Vietnam - DSC05083.JPG|Buddha on the snowy mountain, Vietnam, 18th century File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes, Tibetan, 19th century File:Bodh Gaya - Wat Thai - Main Buddha Statue (9228460504).jpg|Golden Thai Buddha statue, Bodh Gaya. File:Gautama Buddha-1.jpg|Gautama statue, Shanyuan Temple, Liaoning Province, China. File:P1040704.JPG|Burmese style Buddha, [[Shwedagon Pagoda|Shwedagon pagoda]], Yangon. File:Large Gautama Buddha statue in Buddha Park of Ravangla, Sikkim.jpg|Large Gautama Buddha statue in Buddha Park of Ravangla. File:MET DP264118 (cropped).jpg|Head of Buddha, from [[Hadda, Afghanistan]], {{circa|5th}}β6th century. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38228 |title=Head of Buddha, Afghanistan (probably Hadda), 5thβ6th century |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] website }}</ref> </gallery> === In other media === ==== Films ==== {{Main|Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film}} * ''Buddha Dev'' (''Life of Lord Buddha''), a 1923 Indian silent film by [[Dadasaheb Phalke|Dhundiraj Govind Phalke]], first depiction of the Buddha on film with [[Bhaurao Datar]] in the title role.<ref name="Bakker">{{cite book |last1=Bakker |first1=Freek L. |title=The Challenge of the Silver Screen: An Analysis of the Cinematic Portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YuF5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 |page=135 |publisher=BRILL |date=30 September 2009 |isbn=9789004194045 |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053958/https://books.google.com/books?id=YuF5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''[[Prem Sanyas]]'' (''The Light of Asia''), a 1925 silent film, directed by [[Franz Osten]] and [[Himansu Rai]] based on Arnold's epic poem with Rai also portraying the Buddha.<ref name="Bakker" /> * {{nihongo|''[[Dedication of the Great Buddha]]''|ε€§δ»ιηΌ|Daibutsu Kaigen}}, a 1952 Japanese feature film representing the life of Buddha. * ''[[Gotoma the Buddha]]'', a 1957 Indian documentary film directed by Rajbans Khanna and produced by [[Bimal Roy]].<ref name="Bakker" /> * ''[[Siddhartha (1972 film)|Siddhartha]]'', a 1972 drama film by [[Conrad Rooks]], an adaptation Hesse's novel. It stars [[Shashi Kapoor]] as Siddhartha, a contemporary of the Buddha. * ''[[Little Buddha]]'', a 1994 film by [[Bernardo Bertolucci]], the film stars [[Keanu Reeves]] as Prince Siddhartha.<ref name="Bakker" /> * ''[[The Legend of Buddha]]'', a 2004 Indian animated film by Shamboo Falke. * [[Buddha's life]], 2011 This animation movie is about the life of Buddha based on Pali Canon (Theravada Buddhism) and other commentaries. It was produced by members of the Buddhist community in cooperation with the Department of Religious Affairs and the National Office of Buddhism, Thailand. It is considered one of the most accurate story of the Buddha. It is almost 5 hours long and very detailed. The production took 8 years to complete (from 2003-2011).<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9wA4KfVKtXc "The Life of Buddha"], full animated film.</ref> * ''[[The Life of Buddha]]'', or Prawat Phra Phuttajao, a 2007 Thai animated feature film about the life of Gautama Buddha, based on the [[Tipitaka]]. * ''[[Gautama Buddha (film)|Tathagatha Buddha]]'', a 2008 Indian film by [[Allani Sridhar]]. Based on Sadguru Sivananda Murthy's book ''Gautama Buddha'', it stars Sunil Sharma as the Buddha.<ref name="Bakker" /> * ''[[Sri Siddhartha Gautama (film)|Sri Siddhartha Gautama]]'', a 2013 Sinhalese epic biographical film based on the life of Lord Buddha. * ''[[A Journey of Samyak Buddha]]'', a 2013 Indian film by Praveen Damle, based on [[B. R. Ambedkar]]'s 1957 [[Navayana]] book ''[[The Buddha and His Dhamma]]'' with Abhishek Urade in the title role. ==== Television ==== * ''Buddha'', a 1996 Indian series which aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]. It stars [[Arun Govil]] as the Buddha.<ref name="Bakker" /> * ''[http://www.pbs.org/thebuddha/ The Buddha]'' 2010 PBS documentary by filmmaker [[David Grubin]] and narrated by [[Richard Gere]]. * ''[[Buddha (TV series)|Buddha]]'', a 2013 Indian drama series on [[Zee TV]] starring [[Himanshu Soni]] in the title role. ==== Literature ==== * ''[[The Light of Asia]]'', an 1879 epic poem by [[Edwin Arnold]] * ''[[The Buddha and His Dhamma]]'', a treatise on Buddha's life and philosophy, by [[B. R. Ambedkar]] * ''Before He Was Buddha: The Life of Siddhartha'', by [[Hammalawa Saddhatissa]] * ''[[Buddha (manga)|Buddha]]'', a [[manga]] series that ran from 1972 to 1983 by [[Osamu Tezuka]] * ''[[Siddhartha (novel)|Siddhartha]]'' novel by [[Hermann Hesse]], written in German in 1922 * ''[[Lord of Light]]'', a novel by [[Roger Zelazny]] depicts a man in a far future Earth Colony who takes on the name and teachings of the Buddha * ''[[Creation (novel)|Creation]]'', a 1981 novel by [[Gore Vidal]], includes the Buddha as one of the religious figures that the main character encounters ==== Music ==== * ''[[The Light of Asia (oratorio)|The Light of Asia]]'', an 1886 oratorio by [[Dudley Buck]] based on Arnold's poem * ''[[Karuna Nadee]]'', a 2010 [[oratorio]] by [[Dinesh Subasinghe]]
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