Editing Post-traumatic stress disorder (section)

== History ==
{{See also|List of people with post-traumatic stress disorder}}
Aspects of PTSD in soldiers of ancient [[Assyria]] have been identified using written sources from 1300 to 600 BCE. These Assyrian soldiers would undergo a three-year rotation of combat before being allowed to return home, and were reported to have faced immense challenges in reconciling their past actions in war with their civilian lives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ancient-assyrian-soldiers-were-haunted-war-too-180954022/|title=Ancient Assyrian Soldiers Were Haunted by War, Too|first1=Smithsonian|last1=Magazine|first2=Laura|last2=Clark|website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref>

Connections between the actions of Viking [[berserkers]] and the hyperarousal of post-traumatic stress disorder have also been drawn.<ref>{{cite book |title=War and Violence in Ancient Greece |vauthors=Shay J |date=2000 |publisher=Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales |isbn=0-7156-3046-6 |pages=31–56 |chapter=Killing rage: physis or nomos—or both}}</ref>

Psychiatrist [[Jonathan Shay]] has proposed that [[Lady Percy]]'s [[soliloquy]] in the [[William Shakespeare]] play ''[[Henry IV, Part 1]]'' (act 2, scene 3, lines 40–62<ref>{{cite web |title=Henry IV, Part I, Act II, Scene 3 |url=http://www.opensourceshakespeare.org/views/plays/play_view.php?WorkID=henry4p1&Act=2&Scene=3&Scope=scene |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327183019/http://opensourceshakespeare.org/views/plays/play_view.php?WorkID=henry4p1&Act=2&Scene=3&Scope=scene |archive-date=2014-03-27 |access-date=2014-01-30 |work=Open Source Shakespeare}}</ref>), written around 1597, represents an unusually accurate description of the symptom constellation of PTSD.<ref>{{cite book |title=Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character |vauthors=Shay J |publisher=Scribner |year=1994 |pages=165–66}}</ref>

Many historical wartime diagnoses such as [[railway spine]], stress syndrome, [[homesickness|nostalgia]], soldier's heart, [[shell shock]], [[Combat stress reaction|battle fatigue]], [[combat stress reaction]], and traumatic war neurosis are now associated with PTSD.<ref>{{cite book |title=Brave New Brain: Conquering Mental Illness in the Era of the Genome |vauthors=Andreasen NC |date=Feb 19, 2004 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-516728-3 |location=New York |page=303 |author-link=Nancy Coover Andreasen}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Jones JA |date=2013 |title=From Nostalgia to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Mass Society Theory of Psychological Reactions to Combat. |url=http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/727/from-nostalgia-to-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-a-mass-society-theory-of-psychological-reactions-to-combat |journal=Inquiries Journal |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=1–3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217051451/http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/727/from-nostalgia-to-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-a-mass-society-theory-of-psychological-reactions-to-combat |archive-date=2014-02-17}}</ref>

The correlations between combat and PTSD are undeniable; according to Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau and Annette Becker, "One-tenth of mobilized American men were hospitalized for mental disturbances between 1942 and 1945, and, after thirty-five days of uninterrupted combat, 98% of them manifested psychiatric disturbances in varying degrees."<ref>{{cite web |title=World War One – A New Kind of War, Part II |url=http://www.ralphmag.org/CG/world-war-one2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191857/http://www.ralphmag.org/CG/world-war-one2.html |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=usurped |work=www.ralphmag.org}}, From ''14 – 18 Understanding the Great War'', by Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau, Annette Becker{{incomplete short citation|date=January 2014}}</ref>

The DSM-I (1952) includes a diagnosis of "gross stress reaction", which has similarities to the modern definition and understanding of PTSD.<ref name="Posttraumatic stress disorder: a history and a critique">{{cite journal |vauthors=Andreasen NC |title=Posttraumatic stress disorder: a history and a critique |journal=[[Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences]] |volume=1208 |issue=Psychiatric and Neurologic Aspects of War |pages=67–71 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20955327 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05699.x |bibcode=2010NYASA1208...67A |s2cid=42645212}}</ref> Gross stress reaction is defined as a normal personality using established patterns of reaction to deal with overwhelming fear as a response to conditions of great stress.<ref name="DSM-I">{{cite book |last1=American Psychiatric Association |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual |date=1952 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association Mental Hospital Service |isbn=978-0-89042-017-1 |page=326.3|author1-link=American Psychiatric Association }}</ref> The diagnosis includes language which relates the condition to combat as well as to "civilian catastrophe".<ref name="DSM-I" />

[[File:Statue Three Servicemen Vietnam Veterans Memorial-editA.png|thumb|Statue, ''Three Servicemen'', Vietnam Veterans Memorial]]

The addition of the term to the DSM-III was greatly influenced by the experiences and conditions of U.S. military veterans of the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name="AllInTheMind">{{cite web|title=When trauma tips you over: PTSD Part 1 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/rn/allinthemind/stories/2004/1214098.htm |series=All in the Mind |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Commission |date=9 October 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603155139/http://www.abc.net.au/rn/allinthemind/stories/2004/1214098.htm |archive-date=3 June 2008}}</ref> In fact, much of the available published research regarding PTSD is based on studies done on veterans of the war in Vietnam.

Because of the initial overt focus on PTSD as a combat related disorder when it was first fleshed out in the years following the war in Vietnam, in 1975 [[Ann Wolbert Burgess]] and Lynda Lytle Holmstrom defined [[rape trauma syndrome]] (RTS) in order to draw attention to the striking similarities between the experiences of soldiers returning from war and of rape victims.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/victimo_hol_1978_00_0399 |title=The Victim of Rape: Institutional Reactions |vauthors=Holmstrom LL, Burgess AW |publisher=Wiley-Interscience |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-471-40785-0 |url-access=registration}}</ref> This paved the way for a more comprehensive understanding of causes of PTSD.

Early in 1978, the diagnosis term "post-traumatic stress disorder" was first recommended in a working group finding presented to the Committee of Reactive Disorders.<ref name="IHHRT">{{cite book |url=http://www.istss.org/what/history2.cfm |title=International handbook of human response to trauma |vauthors=Shalev AY, Yehuda R, McFarlane AC |publisher=[[Kluwer Academic]]/Plenum Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-306-46095-1 |location=New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617045846/http://www.istss.org/what/history2.cfm |archive-date=2007-06-17 |url-status=dead}}{{page needed|date=January 2014}}</ref>

A USAF study carried out in 1979 focused on individuals (civilian and military) who had worked to recover or identify the remains of those who died in [[Jonestown]]. The bodies had been dead for several days, and a third of them had been children. The study used the term "dysphoria" to describe PTSD-like symptoms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1982-04-01 |title=Emotional Effects on USAF Personnel of Recovering and Identifying Victims from Jonestown, Guyana |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a115592.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608170611/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a115592.pdf |archive-date=8 June 2019 |vauthors=Jones DR, Fischer JR}}</ref>

After PTSD became an official American psychiatric diagnosis with the publication of DSM-III (1980), the number of [[personal injury]] lawsuits ([[tort]] claims) asserting the plaintiff had PTSD increased rapidly. However, [[Trier of fact|triers of fact]] (judges and juries) often regarded the PTSD diagnostic criteria as imprecise, a view shared by legal scholars, trauma specialists, [[forensic psychology|forensic psychologists]], and [[forensic psychiatry|forensic psychiatrists]]. The condition was termed "posttraumatic stress disorder" in the [[DSM-III]] (1980).<ref name="Posttraumatic stress disorder: a history and a critique" /><ref name="IHHRT" />

Professional discussions and debates in academic journals, at conferences, and between thought leaders, led to a more clearly-defined set of diagnostic criteria in DSM-IV (1994), particularly the definition of a "traumatic event".<ref>{{Cite web |title=PTSD, the Traumatic Principle and Lawsuits |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/ptsd-traumatic-principle-and-lawsuits |access-date=2018-06-25 |work=Psychiatric Times |vauthors=Scrignar CB|date=2 August 1999 }}</ref> The DSM-IV classified PTSD under anxiety disorders. In the [[ICD-10]] (first used in 1994), the spelling of the condition was "post-traumatic stress disorder".<ref name="icd10-2007">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision Version for 2007 |url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online2007/index.htm?gf40.htm+F431 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205050052/http://apps.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online2007/index.htm?gf40.htm+F431 |archive-date=December 5, 2014 |access-date=October 3, 2011 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref>

In 2012, the researchers from the Grady Trauma Project highlighted the tendency people have to focus on the combat side of PTSD: "less public awareness has focused on civilian PTSD, which results from trauma exposure that is not combat related..." and "much of the research on civilian PTSD has focused on the sequelae of a single, disastrous event, such as the [[Oklahoma City bombing]], [[September 11th attacks]], and [[Hurricane Katrina]]".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Civilian PTSD Symptoms and Risk for Involvement in the Criminal Justice System |journal=[[Journal of the Academy of Psychiatry and the Law]] |date=2012-12-01 |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=522–529 |issn=1093-6793 |url=http://www.jaapl.org/content/40/4/522.full?sid=b7a23ae3-d147-48af-b8fc-310fa08605e7 |access-date=2014-11-29}}</ref> Disparity in the focus of PTSD research affected the already popular perception of the exclusive interconnectedness of combat and PTSD. This is misleading when it comes to understanding the implications and extent of PTSD as a neurological disorder.

The DSM-5 (2013) created a new category called "trauma and stressor-related disorders", in which PTSD is now classified.<ref name="DSM5" />

America's 2014 National Comorbidity Survey reports that "the traumas most commonly associated with PTSD are combat exposure and witnessing among men and rape and sexual molestation among women."<ref name="Kessler95" />