Editing Organized crime (section)

====Differential association====
{{main|Differential association}}
Sutherland goes further to say that deviancy is contingent on conflicting groups within society, and that such groups struggle over the means to define what is criminal or deviant within society. Criminal organizations therefore gravitate around illegal avenues of production, profit-making, protectionism or social control and attempt (by increasing their operations or membership) to make these acceptable.<ref name="Akers 1973"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Greek |first=C |title=Differential Association Theory |url=http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/sutherland.html |publisher=Florida State University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303220253/http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/sutherland.html |archive-date=March 3, 2011 |access-date=June 7, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Braithwaite|title=Criminological theory and organizational crime|journal=Justice Quarterly|date=1989|volume=6|issue=3|doi=10.1080/07418828900090251|pages=333–358}}</ref> This also explains the propensity of criminal organizations to develop [[protection racket]]s, to coerce through the use of violence, aggression and threatening behavior (at times termed '[[terrorism]]').<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = COLVIN | first1 = MARK | last2 = CULLEN | first2 = FRANCIS T. | last3 = VANDER VEN | first3 = THOMAS |journal=Criminology |date=2002 |volume=40 |issue=1 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00948.x |pages=19–42 |title= Coercion, Social Support, and Crime: An Emerging Theoretical Consensus | issn = 0011-1384 |id= {{NCJ|194567 }} }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Matsueda|title=Testing Control Theory and Differential Association: A Causal Modeling Approach|journal=American Sociological Review|date=1982|volume=47|issue=4|pages=489–504|jstor=2095194|doi=10.2307/2095194}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Matsueda|title=The Current State of Differential Association Theory|journal=Crime and Delinquency|date=1988|volume=34|issue=3|pages=277–306|doi=10.1177/0011128788034003005|s2cid=146347188}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Matsueda & Heimer|title=Race, Family Structure, and Delinquency: A Test of Differential Association and Social Control Theories|journal=American Sociological Review|date=1987|volume=52|issue=6|pages=826–840|jstor=2095837|doi=10.2307/2095837}}</ref> Preoccupation with methods of accumulating profit highlight the lack of legitimate means to achieve economic or social advantage, as does the organization of [[white-collar crime]] or [[political corruption]] (though it is debatable whether these are based on wealth, power or both). The ability to effect social norms and practices through political and economic influence (and the enforcement or normalization of criminogenic needs) may be defined by differential association theory.