Editing History of medicine (section)

===== Vienna =====
The First Viennese School of Medicine, 1750–1800, was led by the Dutchman [[Gerard van Swieten]] (1700–1772), who aimed to put medicine on new scientific foundations—promoting unprejudiced clinical observation, botanical and chemical research, and introducing simple but powerful remedies. When the [[Vienna General Hospital]] opened in 1784, it at once became the world's largest hospital and physicians acquired a facility that gradually developed into the most important research centre.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Fichtner PS |title= Historical Dictionary of Austria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKkuN007YcYC&pg=PA326|year= 2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|pages=326–27|isbn=978-0-8108-6310-1}}</ref> Progress ended with the Napoleonic wars and the government shutdown in 1819 of all liberal journals and schools; this caused a general return to traditionalism and eclecticism in medicine.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lesky E | title = [Cabanis and certainty of medicine] | journal = [[Gesnerus]] | volume = 11 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 152–182 | year = 1988 | pmc = 2557344 | doi = 10.1017/S0025727300070800 | pmid = 14366253 }}</ref>

Vienna was the capital of a diverse empire and attracted not just Germans but Czechs, Hungarians, Jews, Poles and others to its world-class medical facilities. After 1820 the Second Viennese School of Medicine emerged with the contributions of physicians such as [[Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky]], [[Josef Škoda]], [[Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra]], and [[Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis]]. Basic medical science expanded and specialization advanced. Furthermore, the first [[dermatology]], eye, as well as [[ear, nose, and throat]] clinics in the world were founded in Vienna. The textbook ''Lehre von den Augenkrankheiten'' of [[ophthalmologist]] [[Georg Joseph Beer]] (1763–1821) combined practical research and philosophical speculations, and became the standard reference work for decades.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Lesky E | author-link1 = Erna Lesky |title=The Vienna Medical School of the 19th century |date=1976 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |isbn=978-0-8018-1908-7}}</ref>