Editing Conservatism (section)

==== Canada ====
{{main|Conservatism in Canada}}
{{Conservatism in Canada}}
Canada's conservatives had their roots in the Tory [[Loyalism|loyalists]] who left America after the [[American Revolution]].<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Grant |author-first=George |title=Lament for a Nation: The Defeat of Canadian Nationalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tA6jkih-KuAC |isbn=9780773530102 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |year=2005 |orig-date=1965}}</ref> They developed in the socio-economic and political cleavages that existed during the first three decades of the 19th century and had the support of the mercantile, professional, and religious elites in Ontario and to a lesser extent in Quebec. Holding a monopoly over administrative and judicial offices, they were called the [[Family Compact]] in Ontario and the {{lang|fr|[[Chateau Clique]]}} in Quebec. [[John A. Macdonald]]'s successful leadership of the movement to confederate the provinces, and his subsequent tenure as prime minister for most of the late 19th century, rested on his ability to bring together the English-speaking Protestant aristocracy and the [[ultramontane]] Catholic hierarchy of Quebec and to keep them united in a conservative coalition.<ref>Kornberg, Allan and Mishler, William. ''Influence in Parliament, Canada''. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1976. p. 38</ref>

The conservatives combined [[Toryism]] and pro-market liberalism. They generally supported an activist government and state intervention in the marketplace, and their policies were marked by {{lang|fr|[[noblesse oblige]]}}—a paternalistic responsibility of the elites for the less well-off.<ref>Schultze, Rainer-Olaf; Sturm, Roland and Eberle, Dagmar. ''Conservative parties and right-wing politics in North America: reaping the benefits of an ideological victory?''. Germany: VS Verlag, 2003. {{ISBN|978-3-8100-3812-8}} p. 15</ref> The party was known as the Progressive Conservatives from 1942 until 2003, when the party merged with the [[Canadian Alliance]] to form the [[Conservative Party of Canada]].<ref>Panizza, Francisco. ''Populism and the mirror of democracy''. London: Verso, 2005. {{ISBN|978-1-85984-489-2}} p. 180</ref>

The conservative and [[Autonomism in Quebec|autonomist]] [[Union Nationale (Quebec)|Union Nationale]], led by [[Maurice Duplessis]], governed the province of Quebec in periods from 1936 to 1960 and in a close alliance with the Catholic Church, small rural elites, farmers, and business elites. This period, known by liberals as the [[Grande Noirceur|Great Darkness]], ended with the [[Quiet Revolution]] and the party went into terminal decline.<ref>Conway, John Frederick. ''Debts to pay: the future of federalism in Quebec''. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company, 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-55028-814-8}} pp. 57, 77</ref>

By the end of the 1960s, the political debate in Quebec centred around the question of independence, opposing the [[Social democracy|social democratic]] and [[Quebec sovereignty movement|sovereignist]] [[Parti Québécois]] and the [[Centrism|centrist]] and [[Federalism in Quebec|federalist]] [[Quebec Liberal Party]], therefore marginalizing the conservative movement. Most French Canadian conservatives rallied either the [[Quebec Liberal Party]] or the [[Parti Québécois]], while some of them still tried to offer an autonomist third-way with what was left of the [[Union Nationale (Quebec)|Union Nationale]] or the more populists [[Ralliement créditiste du Québec]] and [[Parti national populaire]], but by the [[1981 Quebec general election|1981 provincial election]] politically organized conservatism had been obliterated in Quebec. It slowly started to revive at the [[1994 Quebec general election|1994 provincial election]] with the [[Action démocratique du Québec]], who served as [[Parliamentary opposition|Official opposition]] in the [[National Assembly of Quebec|National Assembly]] from 2007 to 2008, before merging in 2012 with [[François Legault]]'s [[Coalition Avenir Québec]], which took power in 2018. The modern [[Conservative Party of Canada]] has rebranded conservatism and, under the leadership of [[Stephen Harper]], added more conservative policies.

[[Yoram Hazony]], a scholar on the history and ideology of conservatism, identified Canadian psychologist [[Jordan Peterson]] as the most significant conservative thinker to appear in the English-speaking world in a generation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hazony |first=Yoram |date=June 15, 2018 |title=Jordan Peterson and Conservatism's Rebirth |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/jordan-peterson-and-conservatisms-rebirth-1529101961 |access-date=December 23, 2023 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref>