Editing Cetacea (section)

=== Captivity ===
Whales and dolphins have been kept in captivity for use in education, research and entertainment since the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bosworth |first=Amanda |title=Barnum's Whales: The Showman and the Forging of Modern Animal Captivity |url=https://www.historians.org/perspectives-article/barnums-whales-the-showman-and-the-forging-of-modern-animal-captivity/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Historians |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Belugas ====
{{Main|Beluga whale#Captivity}}
[[Beluga whale]]s were the first whales to be kept in captivity. Other species were too rare, too shy or too big. The first was shown at [[Barnum's American Museum|Barnum's Museum]] in [[New York City]] in 1861.<ref name="New York Tribune">{{cite web | url=http://chnm.gmu.edu/lostmuseum/lm/190/ | title=The Whales, New York Tribune, August 9, 1861 | access-date=5 December 2011 | date=9 August 1861 | work=New York Tribune}}</ref> For most of the 20th century, Canada was the predominant source.<ref name=cmeps /> They were taken from the [[Saint Lawrence River|St. Lawrence River]] estuary until the late 1960s, after which they were predominantly taken from the [[Churchill River (Hudson Bay)|Churchill River]] estuary until capture was banned in 1992.<ref name="cmeps">{{cite web|url=http://webpages.charter.net/hrynyshyn/pdfs/Beluga_Report_web2006.pdf |title=Beluga Whales in Captivity: Hunted, Poisoned, Unprotected |access-date=26 December 2014 |year=2006 |work=Special Report on Captivity 2006 |publisher=Canadian Marine Environment Protection Society |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226215306/http://webpages.charter.net/hrynyshyn/pdfs/Beluga_Report_web2006.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> Russia then became the largest provider.<ref name=cmeps /> Belugas are caught in the [[Amu Darya|Amur Darya]] delta and their eastern coast and are transported domestically to aquaria or [[dolphinarium|dolphinaria]] in [[Moscow]], [[St. Petersburg]] and [[Sochi]], or exported to countries such as Canada.<ref name=cmeps /> They have not been domesticated.<ref name="zoos">{{cite web | url=http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/aquatic-mammals-1254385523/delphinapterus-leucas | title=Beluga (''Delphinapterus leucas'') Facts – Distribution – In the Zoo | access-date=5 December 2011 | publisher=World Association of Zoos and Aquariums | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210101419/http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/aquatic-mammals-1254385523/delphinapterus-leucas | archive-date=10 February 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

As of 2006, 30 belugas lived in Canada and 28 in the United States. 42 deaths in captivity had been reported.<ref name=cmeps /> A single specimen can reportedly fetch up to US$100,000 ([[STG pound|£]]64,160). The beluga's popularity is due to its unique color and its [[facial expression]]s. The latter is possible because while most cetacean "smiles" are fixed, the extra movement afforded by the beluga's unfused cervical vertebrae allows a greater range of apparent expression.<ref name="Bonner, W.N. 17, 23–24">{{cite book |author=Bonner, Nigel |title=Whales |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-7137-0887-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/whales0000bonn/page/17 17, 23–24] |year=1980 |url=https://archive.org/details/whales0000bonn/page/17 }}</ref>

==== Orcas ====
{{Main|Captive killer whales}}
{{See also|SeaWorld#Criticism and resulting impact|Incidents at SeaWorld parks}}
[[File:2009-Seaworld-Shamu.jpg|thumb|Ulises the orca, 2009]]
The orca's [[animal intelligence|intelligence]], trainability, striking appearance, playfulness in captivity and sheer size have made it a popular exhibit at aquaria and aquatic theme parks. From 1976 to 1997, fifty-five whales were taken from the wild in Iceland, nineteen from Japan and three from Argentina. These figures exclude animals that died during capture. Live captures fell dramatically in the 1990s and by 1999, about 40% of the forty-eight animals on display in the world were captive-born.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[National Marine Fisheries Service]] (NMFS) Northwest Regional Office |author=NMFS |year=2005 |url=http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/Marine-Mammals/Whales-Dolphins-Porpoise/Killer-Whales/Conservation-Planning/upload/SRKW-propConsPlan.pdf |title=Conservation Plan for Southern Resident Killer Whales (''Orcinus orca'') |location=[[Seattle]], U.S. |access-date=January 2, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626121719/http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/Marine-Mammals/Whales-Dolphins-Porpoise/Killer-Whales/Conservation-Planning/upload/SRKW-propConsPlan.pdf |archive-date=June 26, 2008 |url-status=dead |pages=43–44}}</ref>

Organizations such as [[World Animal Protection]] and the [[Whale and Dolphin Conservation]] campaign against the practice of keeping them in captivity.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In captivity, they often develop pathologies, such as the [[dorsal fin]] collapse seen in 60–90% of captive males. Captives have reduced life expectancy, on average only living into their 20s, although some live longer, including several over 30 years old and two, Corky II and Lolita, in their mid-40s. In the wild, females who survive infancy live 46 years on average and up to 70–80 years. Wild males who survive infancy live 31 years on average and can reach 50–60 years.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rose, N. A.|year=2011|url=http://www.hsi.org/assets/pdfs/orca_white_paper.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026123839/http://www.hsi.org/assets/pdfs/orca_white_paper.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-26 |url-status=live|title=Killer Controversy: Why Orcas Should No Longer Be Kept in Captivity|publisher=Humane Society International and the Humane Society of the United States|access-date=December 21, 2014}}</ref>

Captivity usually bears little resemblance to wild habitat and captive whales' social groups are foreign to those found in the wild. Critics claim captive life is stressful due to these factors and the requirement to perform circus tricks that are not part of wild orca behavior. Wild orca may travel up to {{convert|160|km|mi|-1}} in a day and critics say the animals are too big and intelligent to be suitable for captivity.<ref name="cbs2010">{{cite news|url= https://www.cbsnews.com/news/whale-attack-renews-captive-animal-debate/|title=Whale Attack Renews Captive Animal Debate|newspaper=CBS News|date=March 1, 2010|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> Captives occasionally act aggressively towards themselves, their tankmates, or humans, which critics say is a result of [[stress (medicine)|stress]].<ref name="armstrong">{{cite book|author=Susan Jean Armstrong|title=Animal Ethics Reader| isbn=978-0-415-27589-7|year=2003|publisher=Psychology Press }}</ref> Orcas are well known for their performances in shows, but the number of orcas kept in captivity is small, especially when compared to the number of bottlenose dolphins, with only forty-four [[List of captive orcas|captive orcas]] being held in aquaria as of 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orcahome.de/orcastat.htm|title=Orcas in Captivity – A look at killer whales in aquariums and parks|date=23 November 2009|access-date=6 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602050516/http://www.orcahome.de/orcastat.htm|archive-date=2 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Each country has its own tank requirements; in the US, the minimum enclosure size is set by the [[Code of Federal Regulations]], 9 CFR E §&nbsp;3.104, under the ''Specifications for the Humane Handling, Care, Treatment and Transportation of Marine Mammals''.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=c7a201bd3f7d31d5f8218167efcd49ba&node=9:1.0.1.1.3.5.31.5&rgn=div8|title=Chapter I: Space requirements|journal=Electronic Code of Federal Regulation|volume= 1|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Dawn Brancheau - Riders on the Storm.jpg|thumb|Dawn Brancheau doing a show four years before [[Incidents at SeaWorld parks#SeaWorld Orlando|the incident]]]]
Aggression among captive orcas is common. They attack each other and their trainers as well. In 2013, SeaWorld's treatment of orcas in captivity was the basis of the movie ''[[Blackfish (film)|Blackfish]]'', which documents the history of [[Tilikum (orca)|Tilikum]], an orca at SeaWorld Orlando, who had been involved in the deaths of three people.<ref>Whiting, Candace Calloway. [https://www.huffpost.com/entry/blackfish-killer-whales_b_4166923 In the Wake of Blackfish &ndash; Is it Time to Retire the Last Killer Whale Whose Capture Was Shown in the Film?"], HuffPost, October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2013.</ref> The film led to proposals by some lawmakers to ban captivity of cetaceans, and led SeaWorld to announce in 2016 that it would phase out its orca program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dalebuss/2016/03/24/it-was-a-losing-battle-seaworlds-ceo-on-its-abrupt-change-and-what-comes-next/#5754041a223b|title=Shamu Goes Out With the Tide: SeaWorld CEO On Its Abrupt Change &ndash; And What Comes Next|last=Buss|first=Dale|date=2016-03-24|website=Forbes|access-date=2016-03-26}}</ref>

==== Others ====
[[File:Short-finned Pilot Whale (8793172995).jpg|thumb|[[SeaWorld San Diego|SeaWorld]] [[pilot whale]] with trainers]]

Dolphins and porpoises are kept in captivity. [[Bottlenose dolphin]]s are the most common, as they are relatively easy to train, have a long lifespan in captivity and have a friendly appearance. Bottlenose dolphins live in captivity across the world, though exact numbers are hard to determine. Other species kept in captivity are [[Atlantic spotted dolphin|spotted dolphins]], [[false killer whale]]s and [[common dolphin]]s, [[Commerson's dolphin]]s, as well as [[rough-toothed dolphin]]s, but all in much lower numbers. There are also fewer than ten [[pilot whale]]s, [[Amazon river dolphin]]s, [[Risso's dolphin]]s, [[spinner dolphin]]s, or [[tucuxi]] in captivity. Two unusual and rare [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] dolphins, known as [[wolphins]], are kept at [[Sea Life Park]] in [[Hawaii]], which is a cross between a bottlenose dolphin and a [[false killer whale]]. Also, two [[Common dolphin|common]]/bottlenose hybrids reside in captivity at [[Discovery Cove]] and [[SeaWorld San Diego]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In repeated attempts in the 1960s and 1970s, [[narwhal]]s kept in captivity died within months. A breeding pair of [[pygmy right whale]]s were retained in a netted area. They were eventually released in South Africa. In 1971, SeaWorld captured a California gray whale calf in Mexico at [[Ojo de Liebre Lagoon|Scammon's Lagoon]]. The calf, later named Gigi, was separated from her mother using a form of lasso attached to her flukes. Gigi was displayed at [[SeaWorld San Diego]] for a year. She was then released with a radio beacon affixed to her back; however, contact was lost after three weeks. Gigi was the first captive baleen whale. JJ, another [[gray whale]] calf, was kept at [[SeaWorld San Diego]]. JJ was an orphaned calf that beached itself in April 1997 and was transported two miles to SeaWorld. The {{convert|680|kg|lbs}} calf was a popular attraction and behaved normally, despite separation from his mother. A year later, the then {{convert|8,164.7|kg|lbs}} whale though smaller than average, was too big to keep in captivity, and was released on April 1, 1998. A captive [[Amazon river dolphin]] housed at [[Acuario de Valencia]] is the only trained [[river dolphin]] in captivity.<ref name="Whales">{{cite book|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RD-1991-001.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509184324/https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RD-1991-001.pdf |archive-date=2015-05-09 |url-status=live|last1=Klinowska|first1=Margaret|last2=Cooke|first2=Justin|year=1991| title=Dolphins, Porpoises, and Whales of the World: the IUCN Red Data Book|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url=http://www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org/share/AquaticMammalsIssueArchives/2001/AquaticMammals_27-03/27-03_Goff.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015214719/http://www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org/share/AquaticMammalsIssueArchives/2001/AquaticMammals_27-03/27-03_Goff.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-15 |url-status=live |title=Growth of two gray whale calves|author1=J. L. Sumich|author2=T. Goff|author3=W. L. Perryman|journal=Aquatic Mammals|pages=231–233|year=2001|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>