Editing Xenophobia (section)

=== Africa ===
{{further|Slavery in modern Africa}}

==== Ivory Coast ====
[[Ivory Coast]] has an history of ethnic tribal hatred and religious intolerance. In addition to the many victims among the various tribes of the northern and southern regions of the country that have perished in the ongoing conflict, [[White people|white]] foreigners residing or visiting Ivory Coast have also been subjected to violent attacks. According to a report by Human Rights Watch, the Ivory Coast government is guilty of fanning ethnic hatred for its own political ends.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/Africa/1932930.stm Ivory Coast "fanning ethnic hatred"] BBC News. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060529154708/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1932930.stm |date=29 May 2006 }}</ref>

In 2004, the [[Congrès Panafricain des Jeunes et des Patriotes|Young Patriots]] of Abidjan, a strongly [[nationalist]] organisation, rallied by the state media, plundered possessions of foreign nationals in [[Abidjan]]. Calls for violence against whites and non-Ivorians were broadcast on national radio and TV after the Young Patriots seized control of its offices. Rapes, beatings, and murders of persons of European and Lebanese descent followed. Thousands of expatriates and white or ethnic Lebanese Ivorians fled the country. The attacks drew international condemnation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/11/19/wapp19.xml&sSheet=/news/2004/11/19/ixnewstop.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113163822/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2004%2F11%2F19%2Fwapp19.xml&sSheet=%2Fnews%2F2004%2F11%2F19%2Fixnewstop.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 November 2007 |title=News |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=17 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200411/s1242699.htm |title=Europeans flee Ivory Coast violence. 13 November 2004. ABC News Online |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=12 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324232450/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200411/s1242699.htm |archive-date=24 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Mauritania ====
{{Main|Slavery in Mauritania}}

[[Slavery in Mauritania]] persists despite its abolition in 1980 and mostly affects the descendants of black Africans abducted into [[slavery]] who now live in [[Mauritania]] as "black [[Moors]]" or ''[[haratin]]'' and who partially still serve the "white Moors", or ''bidhan'', as slaves. The practice of slavery in Mauritania is most dominant within the traditional upper class of the Moors. For centuries, the ''haratin'' lower class, mostly poor black Africans living in rural areas, have been considered natural slaves by these Moors. Social attitudes have changed among most urban Moors, but in rural areas, the ancient divide remains.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L18334379.htm |title=Thomson Reuters Foundation |publisher=Thomson Reuters Foundation |access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref>

==== Niger ====
In October 2006, [[Niger]] announced that it would deport to Chad the "[[Diffa Arabs]]", [[Arabs]] living in the Diffa region of eastern Niger.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6087048.stm |title=Africa – Niger starts mass Arab expulsions |access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> Their population numbered about 150,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L25138454.htm |title=Thomson Reuters Foundation |publisher=Thomson Reuters Foundation |access-date=17 June 2015 |archive-date=10 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110112313/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L25138454.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> While the government was rounding up Arabs in preparation for the deportation, two girls died, reportedly after fleeing government forces, and three women suffered miscarriages. Niger's government eventually suspended their controversial decision to deport the Arabs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6081416.stm |title=Africa – Niger's Arabs to fight expulsion |access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=469638881e |title=Refworld – The Leader in Refugee Decision Support |author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |work=Refworld |access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref>

==== South Africa ====
{{Main|Xenophobia in South Africa}}

[[File:People's March Anti Xenophobia.jpg|thumb|March against [[xenophobia in South Africa]], Johannesburg, 23 April 2015]]
Xenophobia in South Africa has been present in both the [[apartheid]] and [[History of South Africa (1994–present)|post–apartheid]] eras. Hostility between the British and [[Boer]]s exacerbated by the [[Second Boer War]] led to rebellion by poor Afrikaners who looted British-owned shops.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blgjhkGD0vgC |title=The Afrikaners: Biography of a People |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |author=Giliomee, Hermann |year=2003 |page=383 |isbn=978-1-85065-714-9}}</ref> South Africa also passed numerous acts intended to keep out Indians, such as the Immigrants Regulation Act of 1913, which provided for the exclusion of "undesirables", a group of people that included Indians. This effectively halted Indian immigration. The Township Franchise Ordinance of 1924 was intended to "deprive Indians of municipal franchise".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/politics-and-society/anti-indian-legislation-1800s-1959 |title=Anti-Indian Legislation 1800s – 1959 |work=South African History Online |date=21 March 2011 |access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> Xenophobic attitudes toward the Chinese have also been present, sometimes in the form of robberies or hijackings,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/africa/940619/chinese-traders-changed-south-africa-now-theyre-leaving/|title=Chinese migrants have changed the face of South Africa. Now they're leaving.|last=Kuo|first=Lily|website=Quartz Africa|date=30 April 2017 |language=en|access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref> and a hate speech case in 2018 was put to court the year later with 11 offenders on trial.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-03-14-hate-speech-case-a-message-about-racism-discrimination/|title=ANTI-CHINESE SENTIMENT: Hate speech case a message about racism, discrimination|last=Ho|first=Ufrieda|website=Daily Maverick|date=14 March 2019|language=en|access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref>

In 1994 and 1995, gangs of armed youth destroyed the homes of foreign nationals living in [[Johannesburg]], demanding that the police work to repatriate them to their home countries.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/xenophobic-violence-democratic-south-africa |title=Xenophobic violence in democratic South Africa |work=South Africa History Online |access-date=29 June 2016}}</ref>
In 2008, a widely documented spate of xenophobic attacks occurred in Johannesburg.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/20/world/africa/20safrica.html |title=South Africans Take Out Rage on Immigrants |work=The New York Times |date=20 May 2008 |access-date=29 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/may/20/zimbabwe.southafrica |title=Thousands seek sanctuary as South Africans turn on refugees |work=The Guardian |date=20 May 2008 |access-date=29 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7407914.stm |title=Thousands flee S Africa attacks |work=BBC News |date=19 May 2008 |access-date=29 June 2016}}</ref> It is estimated that tens of thousands of migrants were displaced; property, businesses and homes were widely looted.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-05-28-analysis-the-ugly-truth-behind-sas-xenophobic-violence/ |title=Analysis: The ugly truth behind SA's xenophobic violence |work=Daily Maverick |date=28 May 2013 |access-date=29 June 2016}}</ref> The death toll after the attack stood at 56.<ref name="auto1" />

In 2015, another widely documented series of [[2015 South African xenophobic riots|xenophobic attacks]] occurred in South Africa, mostly against migrant Zimbabweans.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news |url=http://www.chronicle.co.zw/xenophobia-death-toll-climbs-to-7/ |title=Xenophobia death toll climbs to 7 |work=The Chronicle |date=20 April 2015 |access-date=30 June 2016 |author=Kazunga, Oliver}}</ref> This followed remarks by [[Zulu people|Zulu]] King [[Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu]] stating that the migrants should "pack their bags and leave".<ref name="auto1" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/04/deaths-south-africa-mobs-target-foreigners-150415063058933.html |title=Deaths in South Africa as mobs target foreigners |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=15 April 2015 |access-date=30 June 2016}}</ref> As of 20 April 2015, 7 people had died and more than 2000 foreigners had been displaced.<ref name="auto2" />

Following the riots and murders of other Africans from 2008 and 2015, violence again [[2019 Johannesburg riots|broke out in 2019]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Xenophobic violence flares in South Africa |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/09/14/xenophobic-violence-flares-in-south-africa |access-date=13 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=14 September 2019 |quote=Dozens of people were killed in anti-foreigner riots in 2008 and 2015. But the most recent outbreak of violence shines a particularly harsh light on the rabble-rousing of South African politicians, some of whom have blamed migrants for supposedly taking jobs from locals and committing crimes.}}</ref>

==== Sudan ====
{{Main|Racism in Sudan}}
{{See also|War in Darfur|South Sudan|Slavery in Sudan}}
In the [[Sudan]], [[black people|black]] African captives in the civil war were often [[slavery in modern Africa|enslaved]], and female prisoners were often abused sexually,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/05/30/wdarf30.xml&sSheet=/news/2004/05/30/ixworld.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203160903/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2004%2F05%2F30%2Fwdarf30.xml&sSheet=%2Fnews%2F2004%2F05%2F30%2Fixworld.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2005 |title=News |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=17 June 2015 }}</ref> with their [[Arab]] captors claiming that Islamic law grants them permission.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brandeis.edu/projects/fse/Pages/islamandslavery.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012161707/http://www.brandeis.edu/projects/fse/Pages/islamandslavery.html|url-status=dead|title=Islam and Slavery<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> According to [[CBS News]], slaves have been sold for US$50 apiece.<ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/curse-of-slavery-haunts-sudan/ Curse Of Slavery Haunts Sudan]  CBS News. 25 January 1998</ref> In September 2000, the [[U.S. State Department]] alleged that "the Sudanese government's support of slavery and its continued military action which has resulted in numerous deaths are due in part to the victims' religious beliefs."<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2000/US/09/05/state.dept.religion/index.html U.S. State Department report says 'religious intolerance remains far too common' around world. September 6, 2000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923220548/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/US/09/05/state.dept.religion/index.html |date=23 September 2008 }} CNN US News</ref> Jok Madut Jok, professor of history at [[Loyola Marymount University]], states that the abduction of women and children of the south is [[slavery]] by any definition. The government of Sudan insists that the whole matter is no more than the traditional tribal [[feud]]ing over resources.<ref>Jok Madut Jok (2001), p.3</ref>

==== Uganda ====
{{main|Expulsion of Asians from Uganda}}
Former British colonies in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] have many citizens of [[South Asian]] descent. They were brought by the [[British Empire]] from [[British India]] to do clerical work in imperial service.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia">{{cite journal | doi=10.2307/1166488 | jstor=1166488 | title=General Amin and the Indian Exodus from Uganda | last1=Patel | first1=Hasu H. | journal=Issue: A Journal of Opinion | year=1972 | volume=2 | issue=4 | pages=12–22 }}</ref> The most prominent case of [[Anti-Indian sentiment|anti-Indian racism]] was the [[ethnic cleansing]] of the Indian (called Asian) minority in [[Uganda]] by the [[Strongman (politics)|strongman]] dictator and human rights violator [[Idi Amin]].<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" />