Editing Talmud (section)

===19th century and after===
The [[Vilna Edition Shas|Vilna edition of the Talmud]] was subject to Russian government censorship, or self-censorship to meet government expectations, though this was less severe than some previous attempts: the title "Talmud" was retained and the tractate Avodah Zarah was included. Most modern editions are either copies of or closely based on the Vilna edition, and therefore still omit most of the disputed passages. Although they were not available for many generations, the removed sections of the Talmud, Rashi, Tosafot and Maharsha were preserved through rare printings of lists of ''errata'', known as ''Chesronos Hashas'' ("Omissions of the Talmud").<ref>[http://www.dhengah.org/torah/chhashas.pdf Chesronos Hashas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002041052/http://www.dhengah.org/torah/chhashas.pdf |date=2008-10-02 }}</ref> Many of these censored portions were recovered from uncensored manuscripts in the [[Vatican Library]]. Some modern editions of the Talmud contain some or all of this material, either at the back of the book, in the margin, or in its original location in the text.<ref>[[The Talmud: The Steinsaltz Edition]], pp. 103–104 {{cite book |title=Printing the Talmud: a history of the individual treatises printed from 1700 to 1750 |last=Heller|first=Marvin J. |year=1999 |publisher=Brill Publishers |location=Basel |pages=17, 166 }}</ref>

In 1830, during a debate in the [[Chamber of Peers (France)|French Chamber of Peers]] regarding state recognition of the Jewish faith, Admiral [[Carel Hendrik Ver Huell|Verhuell]] declared himself unable to forgive the Jews whom he had met during his travels throughout the world either for their refusal to recognize [[Jesus]] as the [[Messiah]] or for their possession of the Talmud.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Archives_israelites_1851_tome12.djvu/647|title=Page:Archives israelites 1851 tome12.djvu/647 |publisher=Wikisource}}</ref> In the same year the [[Luigi Chiarini (abbot)|Abbé Chiarini]] published a voluminous work entitled ''Théorie du Judaïsme'', in which he announced a translation of the Talmud, advocating for the first time a version that would make the work generally accessible, and thus serve for attacks on Judaism: only two out of the projected six volumes of this translation appeared.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4319-chiarini-luigi|title=Chiarni, Luigi |publisher=JewishEncyclopedia.com}}</ref> In a like spirit 19th-century antisemitic agitators often urged that a translation be made; and this demand was even brought before legislative bodies, as in [[Vienna]]. The Talmud and the "Talmud Jew" thus became objects of antisemitic attacks, for example in [[August Rohling]]'s ''Der Talmudjude'' (1871), although, on the other hand, they were defended by many Christian students of the Talmud, notably [[Hermann Strack]].<ref>Rodkinson, pp. 109–114</ref>

Further attacks from antisemitic sources include [[Justinas Pranaitis]]' ''[[The Talmud Unmasked|The Talmud Unmasked: The Secret Rabbinical Teachings Concerning Christians]]'' (1892)<ref>Levy, p. 564</ref> and [[Elizabeth Dilling]]'s ''The Plot Against Christianity'' (1964).<ref>Jeansonne, Glen, ''Women of the Far Right: The Mothers' Movement and World War II'', University of Chicago Press, 1997, pp. 168–169</ref> The criticisms of the Talmud in many modern pamphlets and websites are often recognizable as verbatim quotations from one or other of these.<ref name=Internet>{{Cite web |first=Jeremy |last=Jones |title=Talmudic Terrors |date=June 1999 |website=Australia/Israel Review |url=http://www.aijac.org.au/review/1999/246/talmudic.html|access-date=2008-06-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020330032614/http://www.aijac.org.au/review/1999/246/talmudic.html |archive-date=2002-03-30}}</ref>

Historians [[Will Durant|Will]] and [[Ariel Durant]] noted a lack of consistency between the many authors of the Talmud, with some tractates in the wrong order, or subjects dropped and resumed without reason. According to the Durants, the Talmud "is not the product of deliberation, it is the deliberation itself."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Durant|first1=Will|author-link1=Will Durant|last2=Durant|first2=Ariel|author-link2=Ariel Durant|title=The Story of Civilization: The Age of Faith|year=2011|orig-year=1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cusRoE1OJvEC&pg=PP388|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=9781451647617|page=388}}</ref>