Editing Organized crime (section)

====Enterprise====
{{main|Enterprise theory (crime)}}
Under this theory, organized crime exists because legitimate markets leave many customers and potential customers unsatisfied.<ref name="Smith1978">{{cite journal |last1=SMITH |first1=D. C. Jr |title=Organized Crime and Entrepreneurship |journal=International Journal of Criminology and Penology |date=1978 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=161–178 |url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=49083 |id={{NCJ|49083}} |access-date=2011-06-07 |archive-date=2019-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620121145/https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=49083 |url-status=dead }}</ref> High demand for a particular good or service (e.g., drugs, prostitution, arms, slaves), low levels of risk detection and high profits lead to a conducive environment for entrepreneurial criminal groups to enter the market and profit by supplying those goods and services.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Smith | first1 = Dwight C. |title=Paragons, Pariahs, and Pirates: A Spectrum-Based Theory of Enterprise |  journal = Crime and Delinquency |date= 1980 | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 358–386 | doi = 10.1177/001112878002600306 | issn = 0011-1287 |s2cid=145501061}}</ref>  For success, there must be:
* an identified market; and,
* a certain rate of consumption (demand) to maintain profit and outweigh perceived risks.<ref name="Albanese2008">{{cite journal|last=Albanese|title=Risk Assessment in Organized Crime Developing a Market and Product-Based Model to Determine Threat Levels|journal=Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice|date=2008 |volume=24 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/1043986208318225 |issn = 1043-9862 |s2cid= 146793104}}</ref><ref name="Albanese2000">{{cite journal|last=Albanese|first=J|title=The Causes of Organized Crime: Do Criminals Organize Around Opportunities for Crime or Do Criminal Opportunities Create New Offenders?|journal=Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice|date=2000|volume=16|issue=4|pages=409–423|doi=10.1177/1043986200016004004 | issn = 1043-9862 |s2cid=143793499}}</ref>

Under these conditions competition is discouraged, ensuring criminal monopolies sustain profits. Legal substitution of goods or services may (by increasing competition) force the dynamic of organized criminal operations to adjust, as will deterrence measures (reducing demand), and the restriction of resources (controlling the ability to supply or produce to supply).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Smith|title=Wickersham to Sutherland to Katzenbach: Evolving an "official" definition for organized crime|journal=Crime, Law and Social Change|date=1991|volume=16|issue=2|pages=135–154|doi=10.1007/BF00227546|s2cid=149631389}}</ref>