Editing Foreign relations of China (section)

====South Asia====
China's current trade volume with all [[South Asia]]n nations reaches close to $187.554 billion a year.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0282167|doi-access=free|title=A study on the belt and road initiative's trade and its influencing factors: Evidence of China-South Asia's panel data|year=2023|last1=Zhou|first1=Ling|last2=Mao|first2=Yanghai|last3=Fu|first3=Qinyi|last4=Xu|first4=Danlu|last5=Zhou|first5=Jiaqi|last6=Zeng|first6=Shaolong|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=18|issue=4|pages=e0282167|pmid=37058500|pmc=10104349|bibcode=2023PLoSO..1882167Z}}</ref>

Beijing runs trade surpluses with many partners, including Pakistan, Bangladesh, [[Nepal]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. Fast on the heels of the U.S. offer of nuclear power plants to India, Chinese Authorities have helped Pakistan establish nuclear power plants of its own to meet its nuclear needs, which officially consist primarily of energy requirements, although, as per certain perspectives, this could be used for Pakistani and Chinese military, quite possibly defence, purposes. China also lends to and invests in South Asian nations with low-cost financial capital, to help their development sector, especially with the current economically struggling countries of Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal<ref>UCLA Asia Institute [http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=23468 China's March on South Asia] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416183745/http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=23468 |date=16 April 2014 }}</ref>

=====Bangladesh=====
{{main|Bangladesh–China relations}}

{{Flagicon|Bangladesh}}{{Flagicon|China}}

Early relations with the People's Republic of China were cold due to China's veto at the United Nations Security Council to block Bangladesh's accession to the United Nations. Lately however China has made efforts to improve relations with many of its neighbors.  Trade with China reached a record level in 2006 of $3.2 billion under the auspices of the [[Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement]] (AFTA). The trade balance between the two countries are in China's favour. China has also officially agreed to helping Bangladesh on developing their nuclear power plant. Bangladesh has also signed the Apsco convention with six other nations to form a pact with China on space exploration.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bangladesh, Pakistan Team Up With China on Space Cooperation|url=http://www.physorg.com/news7697.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330072007/http://www.physorg.com/news7697.html|archive-date=30 March 2012|access-date=19 February 2015|website=[[Phys.org]]}}</ref>

=====India=====
{{main|Foreign relations of India#China|China–India relations}}

{{Flagicon|India}}{{Flagicon|China}}

[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Port.jpg|thumb|A Chinese container ship unloads cargo at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]] in India. Bilateral trade between the two countries surpassed US$60 billion by 2010 making China the single largest trading partner of India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=39431|title=Indo-China trade to surpass $60 bn before 2010|work=Business Standard|date=6 June 2008|access-date=21 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006140815/http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=39431|archive-date=6 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Despite lingering suspicions remaining from the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], 1967 [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes]] and continuing boundary disputes over [[Ladakh]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-idUSKBN1XA0M9|title=India, China clash over Kashmir as it loses special status and is divided|date=31 October 2019|work=Reuters|last1=Bukhari|first1=Zeba Siddiqui}}</ref> Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, Sino-Indian relations have improved gradually since 1988. Both countries have sought to reduce tensions along the frontier, expand trade and cultural ties, and normalize relations.<ref>John W.  Garver,  ''Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century'' (2001), post 1950</ref>

A series of high-level visits between the two nations have helped improve relations. In December 1996, General Secretary [[Jiang Zemin]] visited India during a tour of South Asia. While in New Delhi, he signed with the Indian Prime Minister a series of confidence-building measures for the disputed borders. Sino-Indian relations suffered a brief setback in May 1998 when the Indian Defence minister justified the country's nuclear tests by citing potential threats from China. However, in June 1999, during the [[Kargil War|Kargil]] crisis, then-External Affairs Minister [[Jaswant Singh]] visited Beijing and stated that India did not consider China a threat. By 2001, relations between China and India were on the mend, and the two sides handled the move from [[Tibet]] to India of the 17th [[Karmapa]] in January 2000 with delicacy and tact.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Since 2004, the economic rise of both China and India has also helped forge closer relations between the two. Sino-Indian trade reached US$36 billion in 2007, making China the single largest trading partner of India.<ref>{{cite news|author=Saibal Dasgupta|date=17 January 2008|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2706372,prtpage-1.cms|title=China is India's largest trade ally – International Business – Biz|work=The Times of India|access-date=21 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024093515/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2706372,prtpage-1.cms|archive-date=24 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The increasing economic reliance between China and India has also brought the two nations closer politically, with both China and India eager to resolve their boundary dispute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=291668|title=news.outlookindia.com|publisher=Outlookindia.com|access-date=21 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425231736/http://outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=291668|archive-date=25 April 2005}}</ref> They have also collaborated on several issues ranging from [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]'s [[Doha Development Round|Doha round]] in 2008<ref>{{cite news|date=29 July 2008|title=US blames India, China for blocking Doha talks|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=329920|url-status=live|access-date=21 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331142407/http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=329920|archive-date=31 March 2012}}</ref> to regional free trade agreement.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2798864,prtpage-1.cms|title=India, China to work on FTA recommendations- Foreign Trade-Economy-News|work=The Economic Times|date=20 February 2008|access-date=21 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522033948/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2798864,prtpage-1.cms|archive-date=22 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Similar to [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement|Indo-US nuclear deal]], China and India have also agreed to cooperate in the field of civilian [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/15/stories/2008011555490100.htm|title=Front Page: India, China to promote cooperation in civil nuclear energy|date=15 January 2008|access-date=21 November 2009|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105061635/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/15/stories/2008011555490100.htm|archive-date=5 November 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> However, China's economic interests have clashed with those of India. Both the countries are the largest investors in Africa<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-30143539_ITM|title=Article: India, China top Asian FDI list in Africa. &#124; AccessMyLibrary – Promoting library advocacy|publisher=AccessMyLibrary|date=28 March 2007|access-date=21 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216135056/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-30143539_ITM|archive-date=16 December 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> and have competed for control over its large natural resources.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200711160462.html Africa: China's Africa Overture Needs Common Touch] [[AllAfrica]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010204148/http://allafrica.com/stories/200711160462.html|date=10 October 2012}}, 16 November 2007</ref>
China and India agreed to take bilateral trade up to US$100 billion on a recent visit by Wen Jiabao to India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shukla|first=Saurabh|date=15 December 2010|title=Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao arrives in India, trade tops agenda|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/chinese-pm-s-india-visit/business/story/chinese-premier-wen-jiabao-arrives-in-india-trade-tops-agenda-87155-2010-12-15|access-date=3 May 2021|website=India Today}}</ref>

Bilateral relations between the two became strained due to the [[2017 China–India border standoff|2017 Doklam standoff]] and then later by the [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]]. Relations were further strained by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

=====Pakistan=====
{{main|Foreign relations of Pakistan|China–Pakistan relations}}

{{see also|China–Pakistan Economic Corridor}}
{{Flagicon|Pakistan}}{{Flagicon|China}}

Pakistan and China have enjoyed strong relations, which encompass military, economic and diplomatic ties, since the 1960s.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|last=Nasser Amin|year=2019|title=The dynamics of the Sino-Pakistani strategic partnership from its formation in the 1960s to the present|url=https://londonchurchillcollege.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/JCDMS-V7-MASTER-FILE-FINALD10-260819_Final-Copy.pdf#page=53|access-date=10 May 2020|publisher=Journal of Contemporary Development & Management Studies, p51|publication-place=London Churchill College|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716130610/https://londonchurchillcollege.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/JCDMS-V7-MASTER-FILE-FINALD10-260819_Final-Copy.pdf#page=53|url-status=dead}}</ref> UK scholar Nasser Amin considers the Sino-Pak entente to be a special kind of relationship in the post-war global system, since there are no natural ties or affinities of culture, religion or ideology that have existed between Islamabad and Beijing; rather, the close relationship appears to substantiate a fundamental premise of the [[Neorealism (international relations)|Neo-Realist school of IR thought]]: namely, that states join in alliance with other states on the basis of power considerations, in this case a shared hostility to India.<ref name="auto" />

The [[China–Pakistan Economic Corridor]] (CPEC) is a collection of infrastructure projects that are currently under construction throughout Pakistan.<ref>[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2997650 China Pakistan Economic Corridor.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603013419/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2997650 |date=3 June 2018 }}{{cite news|title=China's Xi in Pakistan to cement huge infrastructure projects, submarine sales|first1=Tom|last1=Hussain|newspaper=[[McClatchy News]]|date=19 April 2015|location=Islamabad|publisher=mcclatchydc}}</ref><ref name="Kiani">{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1287040|title=With a new Chinese loan, CPEC is now worth $62bn|newspaper=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=30 September 2016|access-date=19 November 2016|first=Khaleeq|last=Kiani|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930033525/http://www.dawn.com/news/1287040|archive-date=30 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> CPEC is intended to rapidly modernize Pakistani infrastructure and strengthen its economy by the construction of modern transportation networks, numerous energy projects, and [[special economic zone]]s.<ref name="Kiani" /><ref>{{cite web|date=23 November 2016|title=CPEC: The devil is not in the details|url=http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153597/cpec-the-devil-is-not-in-the-details|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123090242/http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153597/cpec-the-devil-is-not-in-the-details|archive-date=23 November 2016|access-date=23 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/846370/economic-corridor-chinese-official-sets-record-straight/|title=Economic corridor: Chinese official sets record straight|date=2 March 2015|newspaper=[[The Express Tribune]]|access-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303061541/http://tribune.com.pk/story/846370/economic-corridor-chinese-official-sets-record-straight/|archive-date=3 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mcclatchydc">{{cite news|title=China's Xi in Pakistan to cement huge infrastructure projects, submarine sales|first1=Tom|last1=Hussain|newspaper=[[McClatchy News]]|date=19 April 2015|location=Islamabad|publisher=mcclatchydc}}</ref> The CPEC will connect Pakistan with China and the Central Asian countries with highway connecting [[Kashgar]] to [[Khunjerab Pass|Khunjerab]] and [[Gwadar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/591372/boosting-trade-pak-china-economic-corridor-plan-gets-premiers-go-ahead/|title=Boosting trade: Pak-China economic corridor plan gets premier's go-ahead|date=16 August 2013|access-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924152121/https://tribune.com.pk/story/591372/boosting-trade-pak-china-economic-corridor-plan-gets-premiers-go-ahead/|archive-date=24 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> More recently, China has signed several free trade agreements with Pakistan as well as several bilateral trade agreements such as the Early Harvest Agreement and the establishment of a duty-free export zone ([[Sust]] Dry Port) in Pakistan's [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]. China continues to invest heavily into Pakistan, and is providing assistance in the development of [[Gwadar Port]] – the country's 3rd most major port,<ref>[http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=8801&geo=2&theme=6&size=A {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133910/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=8801&geo=2&theme=6&size=A |date=29 September 2007 }} PAKISTAN – CHINA Chinese-funded port in [[Baluchistan, Pakistan]] to give Beijing direct access to the Middle East</ref> timber transhipments from Mozambique, as well as improving infrastructure and the development of a pipeline from the said port towards China's western regions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IB24Df02.html|title=South Asia news: China-Pakistan rail link on horizon|access-date=21 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522132551/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IB24Df02.html|archive-date=22 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Trade and goodwill between Pakistan and China are relatively strong due to the bordered Muslims area of [[Xinjiang]], who used Pakistan as a transit to [[Mecca|Mecca/Makkah]] for pilgrimage. [[Pakistani]] students often go to China to study while Chinese workers come to Pakistan to work on infrastructure projects. Pakistan ceded a portion of [[Kashmir]] in the 1960s. They also share the [[Karakoram Highway]], one of the highest paved roads in the world. Pakistani and Chinese authorities collaborated on everything from nuclear and space technology where help was provided by China to Pakistan, to cruise missile and naval technology.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

=====Sri Lanka=====
{{main|China–Sri Lanka relations}}

{{Flagicon|Sri Lanka}}{{Flagicon|China}}