Editing Alexander the Great (section)

===Notes===
{{Cnote2 Begin|liststyle=upper-alpha}}
{{Cnote2|a| Heracles was Alexander's alleged illegitimate son.}}
{{Cnote2|b| The name {{lang|grc|Ἀλέξανδρος}} derives from the Greek verb {{lang|grc|ἀλέξω}} ({{transliteration|grc|aléxō}}, {{Literal translation|ward off, avert, defend|lk=on}}){{Sfn |Plutarch|1919|loc= [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29le%2Fcw IV, 57] | ps =: '{{lang|grc|ἀλέξω}}'.}}{{Sfn | Liddell | Scott | 1940}} and {{lang|grc|ἀνδρ-}} ({{transliteration|grc|andr-}}), the stem of {{lang|grc|ἀνήρ}} ({{transliteration|grc|anḗr}}, {{Literal translation|man}}),{{Sfn |Plutarch|1919|loc = [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29nh%2Fr IV, 57] | ps =: '{{lang|grc|ἀνήρ}}'.}}{{Sfn |Liddell|Scott|1940}} and means "protector of men".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |access-date=11 December 2009 |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Alexander&searchmode=none |title=Alexander |dictionary=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |archive-date=20 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920175420/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Alexander&searchmode=none |url-status=live }}</ref> }}
{{Cnote2|c|The first known person to call Alexander "the Great" was a Roman playwright named [[Plautus]] (254–184 BC) in his play ''[[Mostellaria]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Diana Spencer|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics|year= 2019|chapter=Alexander the Great, reception of|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-8048|series=Oxford Research Encyclopedias|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8048|isbn=978-0-19-938113-5|access-date=9 November 2021|quote=Alexander enjoys the epithet ''the Great'' for the first time in Plautus's Roman comedy ''Mostellaria'' (775–777).|archive-date=10 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110030827/https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-8048|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Cnote2|d|Macedon was an Ancient Greek polity; the Macedonians were a Greek tribe.<ref name="Macedonians">{{harvnb|Hornblower|2008|pp=55–58}}; {{harvnb|Joint Association of Classical Teachers|1984|pp=50–51}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=3–4}}; {{harvnb|Fine|1983|pp=607–08}}; {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|p=11}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2001|p=21}}; {{harvnb|Osborne|2004|p=127}}; {{harvnb|Hammond|1989|pp=12–13}}; {{harvnb|Hammond|1993|p=97}}; {{harvnb|Starr|1991|pp=260, 367}}; {{harvnb|Toynbee|1981|p=67}}; {{harvnb|Worthington|2008|pp=8, 219}}; {{harvnb|Cawkwell|1978|p=22}}; {{harvnb|Perlman|1973|p=78}}; {{harvnb|Hamilton|1974|p=23}}; {{harvnb|Bryant|1996|p=306}}; {{harvnb|O'Brien|1994|p=25}}.</ref>}}
{{Cnote2|e| By the time of his death, he had conquered the entire [[Achaemenid Persian Empire]], adding it to Macedon's European territories; according to some modern writers, this was most of the world then known to the ancient Greeks (the '[[Ecumene#Ancient world|Ecumene]]').{{sfn|Danforth|1997|pp=38, 49, 167}}{{sfn|Stoneman|2004|p=2}} An approximate view of the world known to Alexander can be seen in [[Hecataeus of Miletus]]'s map; see [[:File:Hecataeus world map-en.svg|Hecataeus world map]]. }}
{{Cnote2|f| For instance, [[Hannibal]] supposedly ranked Alexander as the greatest general;{{Sfn | Goldsworthy |2003|pp=327–28}} [[Julius Caesar]] wept on seeing a statue of Alexander, since he had achieved so little by the same age;<ref name="Plutarch, Caesar, 11" /> [[Pompey]] and [[Alauddin Khalji]] consciously posed as the 'new Alexander';{{sfn|Holland|2003|pp=176–83}} the young [[Napoleon]] Bonaparte also encouraged comparisons with Alexander. Napoleon also placed Alexander in the first rank.{{sfn|Barnett|1997|p=45}} [[Caracalla]] believed himself to be the actual reincarnation of Alexander.<ref>Ronald H. Fritze, Egyptomania: A History of Fascination, Obsession and Fantasy, p. 103.</ref><ref>Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). How Rome Fell: death of a superpower. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 74. {{ISBN|978-0-300-16426-8}}.</ref><ref>Brauer, G. (1967). The Decadent Emperors: Power and Depravity in Third-Century Rome. p. 75.</ref> [[Caligula]] wore the breastplate of Alexander in order to show his power.<ref>Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Caligula 19.</ref><ref>Geoff W. Adams, The Roman Emperor Gaius "Caligula" and His Hellenistic Aspirations, pp 46</ref> [[Fidel Castro]]'s hero was Alexander the Great, whose Spanish equivalent ''Alejandro'' he adopted as his ''nom de guerre''.<ref>Leycester Coltman, The Real Fidel Castro, p 220.</ref> Among [[Ottoman sultans]], [[Mehmed II]]'s heroes were Alexander and [[Achilles]].<ref>Nicolle, David (2000). Constantinople 1453: The End of Byzantium. Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-84176-091-9}}.</ref> In a letter to his rival, [[Selim I]], while equating himself with Alexander, compares [[Ismail I]] as "Darius of our days".<ref>{{cite book|title=Imperial Citizen: Marriage and Citizenship in the Ottoman Frontier Provinces of Iraq|page=39|year=2011|author=Karen M. Kern}}</ref> [[Paolo Giovio]], in a work written for [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], says that Selim holds Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar in the highest esteem above all the generals of old.<ref>{{cite book|author=Donald Presgrave Little|year=1976|page=227|title=Essays on Islamic civilization presented to Niyazi Berkes}}</ref>}}
{{Cnote2|g|In ancient historiography, the [[Argead dynasty]] was traditionally regarded as having originated from [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]]. The Argeads themselves claimed Argive Greek descent from the hero [[Temenus]]. Through his parents' genealogy, ancient authors traced Alexander's descent back to heroes and other legendary figures from [[Greek mythology]], such as [[Heracles]] and [[Achilles]].<ref>Diodorus, ''[[Bibliotheca Historica]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Diod.+17+1.5&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0084 17.1.5], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Diod.+17.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0084 17.4]; Plutarch, ''[[Plutarch#Life of Alexander|Life of Alexander]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plut.+Alex.+2.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0243 2.1]; Pausanias, ''[[Description of Greece]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.9.8&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 1.9.8], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D11%3Asection%3D1 1.11.1], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+7.8.9&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 7.8.9]; Arrian, ''[[Anabasis of Alexander]]'' [https://archive.org/details/L236ArrianIAnabasisOfAlexander14/page/148/mode/2up?view=theater 2.7.4]; Herodotus, ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+5.22.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126 5.22.1], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D22%3Asection%3D2 5.22.2]; Isocrates, ''To Philip'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:tlg,0010,020:32 32]; Thucydides, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0200%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D99%3Asection%3D3 2.99,3]</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=3}}; {{harvnb|Hornblower|2008|pp=55–58}}</ref>}}
{{Cnote2|h| There have been, since the time, many suspicions that Pausanias was actually hired to murder Philip. Suspicion has fallen upon Alexander, Olympias and even the newly crowned Persian Emperor, Darius III. All three of these people had motive to have Philip murdered.{{sfn|Lane Fox|1980|pp=72–73}} }}
{{Cnote2|i| However, [[Arrian]], who used [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]] as a source, said that Alexander crossed with more than 5,000 horse and 30,000 foot; [[Diodorus]] quoted the same totals, but listed 5,100 horse and 32,000 foot. Diodorus also referred to an advance force already present in Asia, which [[Polyaenus]], in his Stratagems of War (5.44.4), said numbered 10,000 men.}}
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