Editing Vocative case (section)

==Hungarian==
Hungarian has a number of vocative-like constructions, even though it lacks an explicit vocative [[Hungarian noun phrase#Cases and other noun suffixes|inflection]].

Noun phrases in a vocative context always take the zero article.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alberti |first1=Gábor |last2=Balogh |first2=Kata |title=Az eltűnt névelő nyomában |journal=A mai magyar nyelv leírásának újabb módszerei |date=2004 |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=9–31 |url=http://acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu/id/eprint/54309}}</ref> While noun phrases can take [[Hungarian noun phrase#Articles|zero articles]] for other reasons, the lack of an article otherwise expected marks a vocative construction. This is especially prominent in dialects of Hungarian where personal proper names and other personal animate nouns tend to take the appropriate definite article, similarly to certain dialects of [[German language|German]] detailed above. For example:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nominative
! Vocative
|-
| {{lang|hu|'''(Az)''' Olivér még beszélget.}} <br> Oliver is still chatting.
| |{{lang|hu|Olivér, gyere ide!}} <br> Oliver, come over here.
|-
| {{lang|hu|Kiönthette voln’ '''a''' honfi megtelt szívét.}} <br> Might have pour'd the full tide of a patriot's heart.
| {{lang|hu|Honfi, mit ér epedő kebel e romok ormán?}} <br> Patriot, why do you yearn on these ruins?<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Makkai |editor1-first=Ádám |title=In quest of the 'Miracle stag' : the poetry of Hungary / [Vol. 1], An anthology of Hungarian poetry in English translation from the 13th century to the present in commemoration of the 1100th anniversary of the Foundation of Hungary and the 40th anniversary of the Hungarian Uprising of 1956 / with the co-operation of George Buday and Louis I. Szathmáry II and the special assistance of Agnes Arany-Makkai, Earl M. Herrick, and Valerie Becker Makkai. |date=2000 |publisher=Atlantis-Centaur |location=Chicago |isbn=963-86024-2-2 |edition=Second rev.}}</ref>
|-
| {{lang|hu|'''A''' szerelem csodaszép.}} <br> Love is wonderful.
| {{lang|hu|Látod, szerelem, mit tettél!}} <br> O Love, look what you have done!
|-
| {{lang|hu|'''(Az)''' Isten szerelmére!}} <br> For the love of God!
| {{lang|hu|Isten, áldd meg a magyart!}} <br> God, bless the Hungarians!
|}

With certain words such as {{lang|hu|barát}} ("friend"), {{lang|hu|hölgy}} ("lady"), {{lang|hu|úr}} ("gentleman, lord"), vocation is, in addition to the zero article, always<ref name="mikszath">{{cite journal |last1=Láncz |first1=Irén |title=A megszólítás nyelvi eszközei Mikszáth Kálmán műveiben |journal=Híd |date=July–August 1997 |volume=LXI |issue=7–8 |pages=535–543 |url=http://adattar.vmmi.org/folyoiratszamok/1602/hid_1997_07-08_.pdf |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> marked by the first person possessive:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Albertné Herbszt |first1=Mária |editor1-last=A. László |editor1-first=Anna |title=A magyar nyelv könyve |date=2007 |publisher=Trezor Kiadó |location=Budapest |isbn=978-963-8144-19-5 |page=708 |edition=9 kiad |chapter=Pragmatika}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nominative
! Vocative
|-
| {{lang|hu|A nemesek báljára megérkeztek '''a''' hölgyek és '''az''' urak.}} <br> The ladies and the gentlemen have arrived to the nobility's ball.
| {{lang|hu|Hölgye'''im''' és ura'''im''', kezdődjék a tánc!}} <br> (My) Ladies and (my) gentlemen, let the dancing begin!
|-
| {{lang|hu|Ha '''az''' Úr nem építi a házat, hiába fáradoznak az építők.}} <br> Unless the Lord builds the house, its builders labor in vain.
| {{lang|hu|Magasztallak Ur'''am''', felemeltél engem!}} <br> I will exalt you, O (my) Lord, for you lifted me out of the depth!
|-
| {{lang|hu|'''A''' barát mindig segít.}} <br> A friend always helps out. <br> {{lang|hu|'''A''' barát'''om''' fiatal.}} <br> My friend is young.
| {{lang|hu|Tudnál segíteni, barát'''om'''?}} <br> Could you help out, (my) friend?
|}

Words like {{lang|hu|testvér}} ("sibling, brother") and other words of relation do not require the first person possessive, but it is readily used in common speech, especially in familiar contexts:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nominative
! Vocative
|-
| {{lang|hu|'''A''' testvérek elsétáltak a boltba.}} <br> The siblings walked to the shop.
| {{lang|hu|Kedves testvér'''eim'''!}} / {{lang|hu|Kedves testvérek!}} <br> (My) dear brothers (and sisters)!
|-
| {{lang|hu|'''(Az)''' apához megyek.}} <br> I'm going to dad.
| {{lang|hu|Ap'''ám''', hogy vagy?}} / {{lang|hu|Apa, hogy vagy?}} <br> Dad, how are you?
|}

The second-person pronoun<ref name="mikszath" /> can be used to emphasize a vocation when appropriate: {{lang|hu|Hát miért nem adtad oda neki, '''te''' bolond?}} ("Why did you not give it to him, you fool?"), {{lang|hu|'''Te''' Karcsi, nem láttad a szemüvegem?}} ("Charlie, have you seen my glasses?"), {{lang|hu|Lógtok ezért még, '''ti''' gazemberek.}} ("You shall yet hang for this, crooks!"), etc.