Editing Rusyn language (section)

== {{anchor|Alphabet}} Orthography ==

Each of the Rusyn standard varieties has its own [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] alphabet. The table below shows the Rusyn alphabet of the [[Prešov]] Standard, with notes on other varieties. The alphabets of the other Carpathian Rusyn varieties, [[Lemko Region|Lemko]] Rusyn and [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Subcarpathian]] Rusyn, differ from the Prešov Standard in lacking [[ё]] and [[ї]]. For the [[Pannonian Rusyn language|Pannonian Rusyn]] alphabet, see {{section link|Pannonian Rusyn language|Alphabet}}.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

[[Romanization]] (transliteration) is given according to [[ALA-LC romanization|ALA-LC]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rusyn / Carpatho-Rusyn (ALA-LC Romanization Tables)|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/rusyn.pdf|access-date=2010-10-10|website=The Library of Congress|archive-date=23 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823205714/https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/rusyn.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> BGN/PCGN,<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2017|title=Romanization of Rusyn: BGN/PCGN 2016 System|url=https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/ROMANIZATION%20OF%20RUSYN.pdf|access-date=2020-10-10|website=NGA GEOnet Names Server|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026045117/https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/ROMANIZATION%20OF%20RUSYN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> generic European,{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} ISO/R9 1968 (IDS),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2001|title=IDS G: Transliterationstabellen 4. Transliteration der slavischen kyrillischen Alphabete|url=https://www.informationsverbund.ch/fileadmin/shared/kids/kids_deutsch/kapg4.pdf|access-date=2020-10-15|website=Informationsverbund Deutchschweiz (IDS)|edition=Version 15.10.01|archive-date=1 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301180846/https://www.informationsverbund.ch/fileadmin/shared/kids/kids_deutsch/kapg4.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[ISO 9]].

{|class="wikitable" 
|+ Letters of the Rusyn Alphabets<ref>{{Cite thesis |url=http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf |author=Gavin Baptie |degree=MPhil|title=Issues In Rusyn Language Standardisation |access-date=22 May 2018 |archive-date=23 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523095552/http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf |url-status=live |year=2011|institution=University of Glasgow}}</ref>

<!-- First Heading Row -->
    !rowspan="2"|Capital !!rowspan="2"| Small !!rowspan="2"| Name !!colspan="5"| Romanization !!rowspan="2"| [[International Phonetic Alphabet|Pronunciation]]
    |-
    <!-- Second Heading Row -->
    ! ALA   !! BGN  !! Euro !! IDS  !! ISO
    |-
    <!-- 
    CONTENT
    ! Cap   !! Small!! Name

    ! Romanizations ...                     !! Pronunciation 
    ! ALA   !! BGN  !! Euro !! IDS  !! ISO  !! ...
    -->
    | [[А]] || а    || a    
    | a     || a    || a    || a    || a    || {{IPAslink|a|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Б]] || б    || бы
    | b     || b    || b    || b    || b    || {{IPAslink|b|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[В]] || в    || вы
    | v     || v    || v    || v    || v    || {{IPAslink|v|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Г]] || г    || гы
    | h     || h    || h    || h    || ǧ    || {{IPAslink|ɦ|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Ґ]] || ґ    || ґы
    | g     || g    || g    || g    || g    || {{IPAslink|ɡ|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Д]] || д    || ды
    | d     || d    || d    || d    || d    || {{IPAslink|d|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Е]] || е    || e
    | e     || e    || e    || e    || e    || {{IPAslink|ɛ|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Є]] || є    || є
    | i͡e   || je   || je/'e    || je   || ê    || {{IPAslink|je, ʲe|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Ё]] {{ref label|a|a|1}}{{ref label|b|b|1}}  || ё    || ё
    | ë     || jo   || jo/'o    || jo || ô    || {{IPAslink|jo, ʲo|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Ж]] || ж    || жы
    | z͡h   || ž    || ž    || ž    || ž    || {{IPAslink|ʒ|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[З]] || з    || зы
    | z     || z    || z    || z    || z    || {{IPAslink|z|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[І]] {{ref label|b|b|2}} || і    || i
    | i     || i    || i    || i    || ì    || {{IPAslink|i|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Ї]] {{ref label|a|a|2}} || ї    || ї
    | ï     || ji   || ji/'i    || ï    || ï    || {{IPA|/ji, ʲi/}}
    |-
    | [[И]] {{ref label|c|c|1}} || и    || и
    | i/y   || y    || î    || i    || i    || {{IPAslink|ɪ|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Ы]] {{ref label|b|b|3}} || ы    || ы
    | ŷ     || y    || y    || y/ŷ  || y    || {{IPAslink|ɨ|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Й]] || й    || йы
    | ĭ     || j    || j    || j    || j    || {{IPAslink|j|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[К]] || к    || кы
    | k     || k    || k    || k    || k    || {{IPAslink|k|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Л]] || л    || лы
    | l     || l    || l    || l    || l    || {{IPAslink|l|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[М]] || м    || мы
    | m     || m    || m    || m    || m    || {{IPAslink|m|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Н]] || н    || ны
    | n     || n    || n    || n    || n    || {{IPAslink|n|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[О]] || о    || o
    | o     || o    || o    || o    || o    || {{IPAslink|ɔ|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[П]] || п    || пы
    | p     || p    || p    || p    || p    || {{IPAslink|p|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Р]] || р    || ры
    | r     || r    || r    || r    || r    || {{IPAslink|r|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[С]] || с    || сы
    | s     || s    || s    || s    || s    || {{IPAslink|s|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Т]] || т    || ты
    | t     || t    || t    || t    || t    || {{IPAslink|t|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[У]] || у    || у
    | u     || u    || u    || u    || u    || {{IPAslink|u|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Ф]] || ф    || фы
    | f     || f    || f    || f    || f    || {{IPAslink|f|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Х]] || х    || хы
    | k͡h   || ch   || ch   || ch   || h    || {{IPAslink|x|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Ц]] || ц    || цы
    | t͡s   || c    || c    || c    || c    || {{IPAslink|t͡s|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Ч]] || ч    || чы
    | ch    || č    || č    || č    || č    || {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Ш]] || ш    || шы
    | s͡h    || š    || š    || š    || š    || {{IPAslink|ʃ|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Щ]] || щ    || щы
    | shch  || šč   || šč   || šč   || ŝ    || {{IPA|/ʃt͡ʃ/}}
    |-
    | [[Ю]] || ю    || ю
    | і͡u   || ju   || ju/'u    || ju   || û    || {{IPA|/ju, ʲu/|}}
    |-
    | [[Я]] || я    || я
    | i͡a   || ja   || ja/'a    || ja   || â    || /{{IPA|ja, ʲa}}/
    |-
    | [[Ь]] {{ref label|d|d|1}} || ь    || мнягкый знак <br/> ({{langx|en|soft sign}}) <br/> or ірь
    | ′     || ’    || '    || ′    || ′    || {{IPAslink|ʲ|audio=yes}}
    |-
    |[[Ъ]] {{ref label|b|b|4}}{{ref label|e|e|1}}|| ъ   || твердый знак (ір)
    | ″     || ’    || "    || –    || ″    ||  
|}

=== Usage notes ===

{{ Ordered list 
| list_style_type=lower-alpha
| {{note label|a|a|1}}{{note label|a|a|2}} Not used in Lemko.
| {{note label|b|b|1}}{{note label|b|b|2}}{{note label|b|b|3}}{{note label|b|b|4}} Not used in Pannonian Rusyn.
| {{note label|c|c|1}} The Pannonian Rusyn alphabet places this letter directly after з, like the Ukrainian alphabet.
According to ALA–LC romanization, it is romanized i for Pannonian Rusyn and y otherwise.
| {{note label|d|d|1}} "Soft Sign": marks the preceding consonant as palatalized (soft) 
| {{note label|e|e|1}} "Hard Sign": marks the preceding consonant as NOT palatalized (hard).
| In Ukraine, usage is found of the letters [[о̄]] and [[ӯ]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Кушницькый|first=Мигаль|date=May 27, 2020|title=Carpatho-Rusyn Phonetics ep3 – О/Ō {{!}} Карпаторусинська фонетика №3|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfc5AXqv7Ys&list=PLWYGLRSUwpVGDYVP6P7VNuOv1CYsAFRee&index=3|website=YouTube|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028092204/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfc5AXqv7Ys&list=PLWYGLRSUwpVGDYVP6P7VNuOv1CYsAFRee&index=3|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Кушницькый|first=Мигаль|date=May 1, 2020|title=Carpatho-Rusyn phonetics. Ep#2 – і, ї, ӯ {{!}} Карпаторусинська фонетика. Другый епізод|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oO7dRV-cv90&list=PLWYGLRSUwpVGDYVP6P7VNuOv1CYsAFRee&index=2|website=YouTube|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218214648/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oO7dRV-cv90&list=PLWYGLRSUwpVGDYVP6P7VNuOv1CYsAFRee&index=2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ruegrammatica|url=https://www.rueportal.eu/grammatica/grammar/azbuka/|website=rueportal.eu|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806221713/https://www.rueportal.eu/grammatica/grammar/azbuka/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Until World War II, the letter [[Yat|ѣ]] (їть or ''yat''') was used, and was pronounced {{IPA|/ji, ʲi/}} or {{IPAslink|i|audio=yes}}. This letter is still used in part of the articles in the Rusyn Wikipedia.
| The letters [[о̂]] and [[ӱ]] are used formally.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ecolinguist|date=March 16, 2020|title=Carpatho Rusyn Language {{!}} Can Ukrainian speakers understand? {{!}} #1{{!}} feat. @myhal-k|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOzQFN5GBjA|website=Youtube}}</ref>
}}

=== Number of letters and relationship to the Ukrainian alphabet ===

The Prešov Rusyn alphabet of Slovakia has 36 letters. It includes all the letters of the [[Ukrainian alphabet]] plus [[ё]], [[ы]], and [[ъ]].

The Lemko Rusyn alphabet of Poland has 34 letters. It includes all the Ukrainian letters with the exception of [[ї]], plus ы and ъ.

The [[Pannonian Rusyn language#Writing system|Pannonian Rusyn alphabet]] has 32 letters, namely all the Ukrainian letters except [[і]].

=== Alphabetical order ===

The Rusyn alphabets all place [[ь]] after [[я]], as the [[Ukrainian alphabet]] did until 1990. The vast majority of [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic alphabets]] place ь before [[э]] (if present), [[ю]], and я.

The Lemko and Prešov Rusyn alphabets place [[ъ]] at the very end, while the vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place it after [[щ]]. They also place [[ы]] before [[й]], while the vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place it after [[ш]], щ (if present), and ъ (if present).

In the Prešov Rusyn alphabet, [[і]] and [[ї]] come before [[и]], and likewise, і comes before и in the Lemko Rusyn alphabet (which does not have ї). In the Ukrainian alphabet, however, и precedes і and ї, and the [[Pannonian Rusyn language#Writing system|Pannonian Rusyn alphabet]] (which does not have і) follows this precedent by placing и before ї.