Editing London Underground (section)

===Posters and patronage of the arts===
[[File:Up River by the Underground.jpg|thumb|upright|1913 Underground poster by [[Tony Sarg]]]]
Early advertising posters used various typefaces.{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|p=52}} Graphic posters first appeared in the 1890s,<ref name="MofL">{{cite web |url=http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/Collections-Research/Research/Your-Research/X20L/Themes/1/1176/ |title=London Transport Posters: Frank Pick's vision |website=Exploring 20th century London |publisher=Museum of London |access-date=21 April 2013 |archive-date=4 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804121940/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/Collections-Research/Research/Your-Research/X20L/themes/1/1176 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and it became possible to print colour images economically in the early 20th century.{{sfnp|Jackson|1986|pp=238–239}} The Central London Railway used colour illustrations in their 1905 poster,{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|p=53}} and from 1908 the Underground Group, under Pick's direction, used images of country scenes, shopping and major events on posters to encourage use of the tube.{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|pp=88–89}} Pick found he was limited by the commercial artists the printers used, and so commissioned work from artists and designers such as [[Dora Batty]],{{sfnp|Artmonsky|2012|p=117}} [[Edward McKnight Kauffer]], the cartoonist [[George Morrow (illustrator)|George Morrow]],<ref name="MofL"/> [[Herry (Heather) Perry]],{{sfnp|Artmonsky|2012|p=117}} [[Graham Sutherland]],<ref name="MofL"/> [[Charles Sharland]]{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|pp=124–125}} and the sisters [[Anna Zinkeisen|Anna]] and [[Doris Zinkeisen]]. According to Ruth Artmonsky, over 150 women artists were commissioned by Pick and latterly [[Christian Barman]] to design posters for London Underground, London Transport and London County Council Tramways.{{sfnp|Artmonsky|2012|pp=106–111}}

The Johnston [[sans-serif|Sans]] letter font began appearing on posters from 1917.{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|pp=124–125}} The Met, strongly independent, used images on timetables and on the cover of its ''Metro-land'' guide that promoted the country it served for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter.{{sfnp|Jackson|1986|p=240}}{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|p=109}} By the time London Transport was formed in 1933 the UERL was considered a patron of the arts<ref name="MofL" /> and over 1000 works were commissioned in the 1930s, such as the cartoon images of [[Charles Burton (poster artist)|Charles Burton]] and Kauffer's later abstract [[cubist]] and [[surrealist]] images.{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|pp=160–161}} Harold Hutchison became London Transport publicity officer in 1947, after the Second World War and nationalisation, and introduced the "pair poster", where an image on a poster was paired with text on another. Numbers of commissions dropped, to eight a year in the 1950s and just four a year in the 1970s,<ref name="MofL" /> with images from artists such Harry Stevens and [[Tom Eckersley]].{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|pp=246–247}}

[[File:Daniel Buren, 'Diamonds and Circles, works in situ', Tottenham Court Road, 2016. Photo- Thierry Bal, 2016.jpg|thumb|Artwork by [[Daniel Buren]] at [[Tottenham Court Road tube station|Tottenham Court Road]], commissioned by [[Art on the Underground]]]]
[[Art on the Underground]] was launched in 2000 to revive London Underground as a patron of the arts.<ref name="Coles 2007">{{Cite book |title=Platform for Art: Art on the Underground |last=Coles |first=Alex |publisher=Black Dog |year=2007 |isbn=978-1906155063 }}</ref> Today, commissions range from the [[List of Art on the Underground Tube map covers|pocket Tube map cover]], to temporary artworks, to large-scale permanent installations in stations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview |website=Art on the Underground|url=https://art.tfl.gov.uk/about/overview/|date=5 March 2015|publisher=Transport for London|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911180624/https://art.tfl.gov.uk/about/overview/|archive-date=11 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Coles 2007"/> Major commissions by Art on the Underground in recent years have included ''[[Labyrinth (artwork)|Labyrinth]]'' by the [[Turner Prize]]–winning artist [[Mark Wallinger]], to mark the 150th anniversary of the Underground;<ref>{{cite web|title=Labyrinth |website=Art on the Underground|url=https://art.tfl.gov.uk/labyrinth/|publisher=Transport for London|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112141140/https://art.tfl.gov.uk/labyrinth/|archive-date=12 January 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Diamonds and Circles'', permanent works ''in situ'' by the French artist [[Daniel Buren]] at [[Tottenham Court Road tube station|Tottenham Court Road]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Daniel Buren completes installation at Tottenham Court Road tube station|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2017/07/12/daniel-buren-diamonds-circles-installation-tottenham-court-road-underground-tube-station-london-uk/|first=Alice|last=Morby|date=12 July 2017|work=Dezeen|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624235124/https://www.dezeen.com/2017/07/12/daniel-buren-diamonds-circles-installation-tottenham-court-road-underground-tube-station-london-uk/|archive-date=24 June 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''Beauty < Immortality'', a memorial to [[Frank Pick]] by [[Langlands & Bell]] at [[Piccadilly Circus tube station|Piccadilly Circus]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Frank Pick Roundel At Piccadilly Circus|url=http://londonist.com/london/transport/frank-pick-artwork|last=Craig|first=Zoe|date=10 January 2017|work=Londonist|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103012545/https://londonist.com/london/transport/frank-pick-artwork|archive-date=3 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Similarly, since 1986 [[Poems on the Underground]] has commissioned poetry that is displayed in trains.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/culture-and-heritage/music-film-and-poetry/poems-on-the-underground |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328180325/http://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/culture-and-heritage/music-film-and-poetry/poems-on-the-underground |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2014 |title=Poems on the Underground |publisher=Transport for London |access-date=19 June 2014}}</ref>