Editing Lombardy (section)

===UNESCO World Heritage Sites===
[[File:Scena di caccia al cervo - Seradina R 12 - Capo di Ponte (Foto Luca Giarelli).jpg|thumb|Deer hunting scene depicted in the [[Rock Drawings in Valcamonica]]]]
[[File:Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - The Last Supper (1495-1498).jpg|thumb|''[[The Last Supper (Leonardo)|The Last Supper]]'', [[Convent of Sta. Maria delle Grazie]], Milan, Italy (1499), by [[Leonardo da Vinci]]]]
[[File:BG MuraVenete 08.JPG|thumb|The [[Bergamo|Fortified City of Bergamo]]]]
[[File:Tempio Capitolino Piazza del Foro Brescia.jpg|thumb|[[Brescia#UNESCO World Heritage monuments|Remains of Roman forum]] in Brescia]]
[[File:Sacro Monte di Varese-120-Kapelle 10-O vos omnes-Bogen-1985-gje.jpg|thumb|[[Sacro Monte di Varese]]]]
[[File:Sabbioneta Palazzo Ducale 02.JPG|thumb|right|[[Sabbioneta]], a town and {{lang|it|[[comune]]}} in the [[province of Mantua]]]]

There are ten [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage sites]] wholly or partially located in Lombardy.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/|title = World Heritage List|access-date = 16 May 2015|website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher = UNESCO}}</ref> Some of these comprise several individual objects in different locations. One of the entries has been listed as natural heritage and the others are cultural heritage sites.

At [[Monte San Giorgio]] on the border with Swiss canton Ticino just south of [[Lake Lugano]], a wide range of marine [[Triassic]] fossils have been found. During the Triassic period, 245–230 million years ago, the area was a shallow tropical lagoon. Fossils include reptiles, fish, [[crustacean]]s and insects.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1090|title = Monte San Giorgio|access-date = 11 August 2023|website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher = UNESCO}}</ref>

The [[Rock Drawings in Valcamonica]] date to between 8000{{nbsp}}BC and 1000{{nbsp}}BC, covering prehistoric periods from the [[Epipaleolithic]] and [[Mesolithic]] to the [[Iron Age]],  and constitute the largest collections of prehistoric [[petroglyph]]s in the world.<ref name="unesco2">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/94|title=Rock Drawings in Valcamonica - UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=29 June 2010}}</ref> The collection was recognized by [[UNESCO]] in 1979 and was Italy's first recognized World Heritage Site.  UNESCO has formally recognized more than 140,000 figures and symbols,<ref name="unesco2" /> but new discoveries have increased the number of catalogued incisions to between 200,000<ref name="adorno"/> and 300,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archeocamuni.it/arte_rupestre.html |title=Introduzione all'arte rupestre della Valcamonica |trans-title=Introduction to the rock art of Valcamonica |publisher=Archeocamuni.it |access-date=11 May 2009|language=it}}</ref>  The petroglyphs are spread on all surfaces of the valley, but concentrated in the areas of [[Darfo Boario Terme]], [[Capo di Ponte]], [[Nadro]], [[Cimbergo]] and [[Paspardo]].

[[Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps]] are a series of prehistoric pile dwelling (or [[stilt house]]) settlements in and around the [[Alps]] built from about 5000 to 500 BC on the edges of lakes, rivers or wetlands. In 2011, 111 sites located variously in [[Switzerland]] (56), [[Italy]] (19), [[Germany]] (18), [[France]] (11), [[Austria]] (5) and [[Slovenia]] (2) were added to the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] list.<ref name=UNESCO3>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1363/|title=Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps|website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> In Slovenia, these were the first World Heritage Sites to be listed for their cultural value.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.washington.embassy.si/fileadmin/user_upload/dkp_51_vwa/newsletter/october_2011/Embassy_s_Newsletter__2011_-_14_-_10_finale.pdf |title=Pile-dwellings in the Ljubljansko Barje on UNESCO List |journal=Embassy Newsletter |publisher=Embassy of Slovenia in Washington |date=14 October 2011 |editor=Maša Štiftar de Arzu|access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> Excavations conducted at some of the sites have yielded evidence regarding prehistoric life and the way communities interacted with their environment during the [[Neolithic]] and [[Bronze Age]]s in Alpine Europe. These settlements are a unique group of exceptionally well-preserved and culturally rich archaeological sites, which constitute one of the most important sources for the study of early agrarian societies in the region.<ref name=UNESCO3/>

Another multi-centred site, [[Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)]] consists of seven locations across mainland Italy which illustrate the history of the Lombard period. Two of the sites are in modern-day Lombardy: the fortifications (the ''castrum'' and the [[Torba Tower]]), and the church of Santa Maria ''foris portas'' ("outside the gates") has Byzantinesque frescoes at [[Castelseprio (archaeological park)|Castelseprio]], and the [[San Salvatore, Brescia|monastic complex of San Salvatore-Santa Giulia]] at Brescia. The UNESCO site at Brescia also includes the [[Brescia#UNESCO World Heritage monuments|remains of its Roman forum]], the best-preserved in northern Italy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/export/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/Contenuti/MibacUnif/Comunicati/visualizza_asset.html_1468318012.html |title=Italia langobardorum, la rete dei siti Longobardi italiani iscritta nella Lista del Patrimonio Mondiale dell'UNESCO |website=Beniculturali.it |language=it |trans-title=Italia langobardorum, the network of the Italian Longobards sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List |access-date=27 October 2015 |archive-date=30 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030220341/http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/export/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/Contenuti/MibacUnif/Comunicati/visualizza_asset.html_1468318012.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1318.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052503/http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1318.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=live|title=THE LONGOBARDS IN ITALY. PLACES OF THE POWER (568–774 A.D.). NOMINATION FOR INSCRIPTION ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>

The Church and [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] Convent of [[Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)|Santa Maria delle Grazie]] in Milan with ''[[The Last Supper (Leonardo)|The Last Supper]]'' by Leonardo da Vinci represent architectural and painting styles of the 15th-century Renaissance period.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/93|title = Church and Dominican Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie with "The Last Supper" by Leonardo da Vinci|access-date = 11 August 2023|website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher = UNESCO}}</ref> The towns Mantua and [[Sabbioneta]] are also listed as a combined World Heritage site relating to this period, here focussing more on town-planning aspects of the time than on architectural detail. While Mantua was rebuilt in the 15th and 16th centuries, according to Renaissance principles, Sabbioneta was planned as a new town in the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1287|title = Mantua and Sabbioneta|access-date = 11 August 2023|website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher = UNESCO}}</ref>

The [[Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy]] are a group of nine sites in northwest Italy, two of which are in Lombardy. The concept of holy mountains can be found elsewhere in Europe. These sites were created as centres of pilgrimage by placing chapels in the natural landscape and were loosely modelled on the topography of Jerusalem. In Lombardy, Sacro Monte del Rosario di Varese and Sacro Monte della Beata Vergine del Soccorso, which were built in the early-to mid-17th century, mark the architectural transition from the late Renaissance to the Baroque style.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1068|title = Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy|access-date = 11 August 2023|website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher = UNESCO}}</ref>

[[Crespi d'Adda]] is a historic settlement and an outstanding example of the 19th and early 20th-century [[model village|"company towns"]] built in Europe and North America by enlightened industrialists to meet the workers' needs. The site is still intact and is partly used for industrial purposes, although changing economic and social conditions now threaten its survival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/EUR/cycle01/section2/730-summary.pdf |title=UNESCO Reference 730|access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> Since 1995 it has been on [[UNESCO]]'s list of [[World Heritage Sites]].

[[Mantua]] and [[Sabbioneta]] represent two approaches of [[Renaissance]] period town planning. Mantua (pictured), originating in Roman times and preserving structures from the 11th century, was renovated in the 15th and 16th centuries. On the other hand, Sabbioneta was founded in the second half of the 16th century by [[Vespasiano I Gonzaga]] and built with a [[grid plan]], according to the period's vision of an ideal city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1287|title=Mantua and Sabbioneta|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=26 June 2010|archive-date=28 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028083518/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1287/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Bernina Railway|Rhaetian Railway in the Albula/Bernina Landscapes]] is mostly located in the Swiss canton [[Grisons]], but extends over the border into [[Tirano]]. The site is listed because of the complex railway engineering (tunnels, viaducts and avalanche galleries) necessary to take the narrow-gauge railway across the main chain of the Alps.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhaetian Railway in the Albula &#x2f; Bernina Landscapes |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1276/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> The two railway lines were opened in several stages between 1904 and 1910.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rail routes |url=https://www.rhb.ch/en/unesco-world-heritage/rail-routes?ref=057sxl&cHash=5ce8bcb5f1772b123510314dc449c698 |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=Rhätische Bahn}}</ref>

The [[Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar]] is a transnational system of fortifications that were built by the [[Republic of Venice]] on its [[Domini di Terraferma|mainland domains]] (''Stato da Terra'') and its territories stretching along the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] coast (''[[Stato da Mar]]''). This site includes the fortified city [[Bergamo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1533|title = Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th Centuries: Stato da Terra – Western Stato da Mar|access-date = 11 August 2023|website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher = UNESCO}}</ref>