Editing History of science (section)

====Heliocentrism====
[[File:Nikolaus Kopernikus.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]]]

The [[Heliocentrism|heliocentric]] astronomical model of the universe was refined by [[Nicolaus Copernicus]]. Copernicus proposed the idea that the Earth and all heavenly spheres, containing the planets and other objects in the cosmos, rotated around the Sun.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Principe |first=Lawrence M. |title=The Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-956741-6 |location=New York, NY |pages=47}}</ref> His heliocentric model also proposed that all stars were fixed and did not rotate on an axis, nor in any motion at all.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knox |first=Dilwyn |title=Ficino, Copernicus and Bruno on the Motion of the Earth |date=1999 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24331708 |journal=Bruniana & Campanelliana |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=333–366 |jstor=24331708 |issn=1125-3819 |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204025441/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24331708 |url-status=live }}</ref> His theory proposed the yearly rotation of the Earth and the other heavenly spheres around the Sun and was able to calculate the distances of planets using deferents and epicycles. Although these calculations were not completely accurate, Copernicus was able to understand the distance order of each heavenly sphere. The Copernican heliocentric system was a revival of the hypotheses of [[Aristarchus of Samos]] and [[Seleucus of Seleucia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gingerich |first=Owen |date=1973 |title=From Copernicus to Kepler: Heliocentrism as Model and as Reality |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/986462 |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume=117 |issue=6 |pages=513–522 |jstor=986462 |issn=0003-049X}}</ref> Aristarchus of Samos did propose that the Earth rotated around the Sun but did not mention anything about the other heavenly spheres' order, motion, or rotation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neugebauer |first=O. |date=1945 |title=The History of Ancient Astronomy Problems and Methods |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/542323 |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=20–23 |doi=10.1086/370729 |jstor=542323 |s2cid=39274542 |issn=0022-2968}}</ref> Seleucus of Seleucia also proposed the rotation of the Earth around the Sun but did not mention anything about the other heavenly spheres. In addition, Seleucus of Seleucia understood that the Moon rotated around the Earth and could be used to explain the tides of the oceans, thus further proving his understanding of the heliocentric idea.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carman |first=Christián C. |date=2018 |title=The first Copernican was Copernicus: the difference between Pre-Copernican and Copernican heliocentrism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45211937 |journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1007/s00407-017-0198-3 |jstor=45211937 |s2cid=253894214 |issn=0003-9519 |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204025440/https://www.jstor.org/stable/45211937 |url-status=live |hdl=11336/72174 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>