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==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist|group=Note}} ===Citations=== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== '''Books, articles, and journals''' {{refbegin|2}} <!-- A --> *{{Cite book|last1=al-Balādhurī|first1=A. Y.|last2=Hitti|first2=P. K.|year=1916|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z5FCAAAAYAAJ|title=The origins of the Islamic state: Being a translation from the Arabic accompanied with annotations, geographic and historic notes of the Kitâbfutûḥ al-buldân of al-Imâm abu l'Abbâs Aḥmad ibn-Jâbir al-Balâdhuri|publisher=New York}} *{{Cite book|last=Ankerl|first=Guy|title=Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western|publisher=INUPress|year=2000|isbn=978-2-88155-004-1}} *{{Cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Karen|author-link=Karen Armstrong|title=Islam: A Short History|publisher=Modern Library|year=2000|isbn=978-0-679-64040-0}} * {{citation|last1=Asher|first1=C. B.|last2=Talbot|first2=C.|year=2008|title=India Before Europe|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-51750-8}} <!-- B --> *{{cite book|last1=Bentley|first1=Jerry H.|last2=Ziegler|first2=Herbert F.|year=2006|title=Traditions and Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past|location=New York|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]}} *{{Cite book|last=Berkey|first=Jonathan Porter|author-link=Jonathan Berkey|title=The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800|url=https://archive.org/details/formationofislam0000berk|url-access=registration|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003}} *{{Cite book|last1=Bloom|last2=Blair|title=Islam:A Thousand Years of Faith and Power|year=2000}} * {{Citation|last=Bleeker|first=C.J.|year=1968|title=Fasting in the Koran|publisher=BRILL Archive}} <!-- C --> * {{cite book|last=Çakmak|first=Cenap|title=Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia|series=4 volumes|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2017|isbn=978-1-61069-217-5}} * {{Cite book|last=Collins|first=Roger|title=Visigothic Spain 409–711|publisher=John Wiley and Sons Ltd|year=2004|isbn=9781405149662|location=New Jersey}} <!-- D --> *{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Donner|first=Fred M.|entry=Modern approaches to early Islamic history|title=The New Cambridge History of Islam|pages=625–47|volume=1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-521-83823-8|editor-last=Robinson|editor-first=Chase F.}} <!-- E --> *{{Cite book|last=Esposito|first=John|author-link=John Esposito|year=2000|title=Oxford History of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-510799-9|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john}} <!-- H --> *{{Cite book|last=Hart|first=Michael|title=The 100:Ranking of the most influential persons in history|publisher=Carol Publishing Group|location=New York|year=1978|isbn=978-0-8065-1057-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/10000mich_0}} * {{Citation|last=Hazleton|first=Lesley|author-link=Lesley Hazleton|year=2013|title=The First Muslim: The Story of Muhammad|publisher=Atlantic Books}} *{{Cite book|ref={{harvid|Holt|1977a}}|author=P. M. Holt|author2=[[Bernard Lewis]]|title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1|year=1977a|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29136-1}} *{{Cite book|ref={{harvid|Holt|1977b}}|author=P. M. Holt|author2=Ann K. S. Lambton|author3=[[Bernard Lewis]]|title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 2|year=1977b|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29137-8}} *{{Cite book|ref={{harvid|Hourani|2003}}|author=[[Albert Hourani]]|author2=[[Malise Ruthven]]|title=A History of the Arab Peoples|year=2003|publisher=Belknap Press; Revised edition|isbn=978-0-674-01017-8}} *{{Cite book|last=Hourani|first=Albert|title=A History of the Arab Peoples|publisher=Faber & Faber|year=2002|isbn=978-0-571-21591-1}} *{{Cite book|last=Hoyland|first=Robert G.|author-link=Robert G. Hoyland|title=In Gods Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press}} <!-- I --> *{{Cite book|last=Irving|first=W.|year=1868|url=https://archive.org/details/mahometandhissu02irvigoog|title=Mahomet and his successors|location=New York|publisher=Putnam}} <!-- K --> *{{cite book|last=Khaddūrī|first=Majīd|title=The Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybani's Siyar|year=2002|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-6975-4|pages=19–20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89spaKByt_MC&q=majid+khadduri+siyar}} *{{Cite book|ref={{harvid|Koprulu|1992}}|last=Koprulu|first=Mehmed Fuad|author2=Leiser, Gary|title=The Origins of the|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-7914-0819-3}} <!-- L --> *{{Cite book|last=Lapidus|first=Ira M.|title=A History of Islamic societies|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-521-77056-9}} *{{Cite book|last=Le|first=S. G.|year=1900|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_rdcoAAAAYAAJ|title=Baghdad during the Abbasid caliphate: From contemporary Arabic and Persian sources|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press}} * {{cite book|last1=Leaman|first1=Oliver|title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia|date=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-32639-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C}} *{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=B.|title=The Arabs in History|url=https://archive.org/details/arabsinhistory0000bern|url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-19-285258-8}} <!-- M --> * {{cite book|last1=Metcalf|first1=Barbara D.|last2=Metcalf|first2=Thomas R.|title=A Concise History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC|year=2006|edition=2nd|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-68225-1}} *{{Cite book|last=Muir|first=Sir William|year=1877|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.502780|title=The life of Mahomet: from original sources|publisher=Smith, Elder, & Co.}} <!-- N --> *{{Cite book|last=Nasr|first=Seyyed Hossein|title=Islam:Religion, History and Civilization|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|location=New York|year=2003|isbn=978-0-06-050714-5|url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0}} <!-- R --> *{{Cite book|last=Rahman|first=F.|title=Islam & Modernity: Transformation of an Intellectual Tradition|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1982|isbn=978-0-226-70284-1}} *{{Cite book|last=Rahman|first=H. U.|title=A Chronology of Islamic History|publisher=Ta-Ha|year=1999|isbn=978-1-897940-81-5}} * {{citation|last=Robb|first=P.|title=A History of India|year=2001|publisher=Palgrave|isbn=978-0-333-69129-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindia00pete}} *{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Robinson|first=Chase F.|entry=Introduction / The rise of Islam, 600 705|title=The New Cambridge History of Islam|pages=1–15, 173–225|volume=1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-521-83823-8|editor-last=Robinson|editor-first=Chase F.}} * {{Citation|last=Rogerson|first=Barnaby|year=2010|title=The Prophet Muhammad: A Biography|publisher=Hachette UK}} * {{Cite book|publisher=Brill Archive|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kssUAAAAIAAJ|title=A history of Muslim historiography|year=1968|first=Franz|last=Rosenthal}} <!-- S --> *{{Cite book|last1=Sale|first1=G.|last2=Psalmanazar|first2=G.|last3=Bower|first3=A.|last4=Shelvocke|first4=G.|last5=Campbell|first5=J.|last6=Swinton|first6=J.|year=779|title=A universal history: From the earliest accounts to the present time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6o-AAAAYAA|volume=21|location=London|publisher=C. Bathurst}} *{{Cite book|last=Sonn|first=Tamara|title=A Brief History of Islam|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|year=2004|isbn=978-1-4051-0900-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofis0000sonn}} <!-- T --> * {{cite book|year=2000|author1-link=James Tracy (historian)|last=Tracy|first=James D.|title=City Walls: The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7dUv-1Ql2oC&pg=PA235|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-65221-6}} <!-- V --> *{{Cite book|last=Vansina|first=Jan|title=Oral Tradition as History|publisher=James Currey Publishers|year=1985|isbn=978-0852550076}} <!-- W --> *{{Cite book|editor1-last=Williams|editor1-first=H. S.|year=1904|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mWDAAAAMAAJ|title=The historians' history of the world: Parthians, Sassanids, and Arabs. The crusades and the papacy|location=New York|publisher=The Outlook Company}} <!-- Y --> * {{cite book|last=Yeomans|first=Richard|title=The art and architecture of islamic cairo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNVBbTuPcPkC&pg=PA53|year=2006|publisher=Garnet & Ithaca Press|isbn=978-1-85964-154-5}} <!-- Z --> *{{Cite book|last1=Zaydān|first1=J.|last2=Margoliouth|first2=D. S.|year=1907|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DRByAAAAMAAJ|title=Umayyads and ʻAbbásids|chapter=Being the fourth part of Jurjí Zaydán's history of Islamic civilization.|location=Leyden|publisher=E.J. Brill, imprimerie orientale}} <!-- unknown --> *{{Cite book|title=The World's work|year=1900|location=New York|publisher=Doubleday, Page & Co|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYXNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA136|chapter=Islam Aflame with Revolt}} '''Encyclopedias''' *{{Cite encyclopedia|editor=[[P. J. Bearman]]|editor2=Th. Bianquis|editor3=[[C. E. Bosworth]]|editor4=E. van Donzel|editor5=[[W. P. Heinrichs]]|title=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online]]|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|issn=1573-3912}} *{{Cite encyclopedia|editor=[[P. J. Bearman]]|editor2=Th. Bianquis|editor3=[[C. E. Bosworth]]|editor4=E. van Donzel|editor5=[[W. P. Heinrichs]]|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition (1954-2005)|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers}} *{{Cite encyclopedia|ref={{harvid|McNeill|Bentley|Christian|2005}}|title=Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History|publisher=Berkshire Publishing Group|year=2005|isbn=978-0-9743091-0-1|volume=4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/berkshireencyclo0004unse_k2y1}} *{{Cite encyclopedia|title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated; Rev Ed edition|year=2005|isbn=978-1-59339-236-9}} * Baynes, T. S. (1888). The Encyclopædia Britannica: A dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature. New York, N.Y: H.G. Allen. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BZ0MAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA545 pp. 545–606] . * In Pace, E. A. (1922). ''The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline and History of the Catholic Church''. New York: Encyclopedia Press. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=RmoQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA424 Mohammed and Mohammedanism.]". pp. 424–28 * {{cite book|last=Yarshater|first=Ehsan|title=Encyclopædia Iranica|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|year=2001|isbn=978-0933273566}} {{refend}}
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