Editing Gulf War (section)

===Effect on developing countries===
Apart from the impact on [[Arab States of the Persian Gulf]], the resulting economic disruptions after the crisis affected many states. The [[Overseas Development Institute]] (ODI) undertook a study in 1991 to assess the effects on developing states and the international community's response. A briefing paper finalized on the day that the conflict ended draws on their findings which had two main conclusions: Many developing states were severely affected and while there has been a considerable response to the crisis, the distribution of assistance was highly selective.<ref name="odi.org.uk">{{cite journal|title=The Impact of the Gulf Crisis on Developing Countries|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5466&title=gulf-crisis-impact-ldcs|journal=ODI Briefing Paper|date=March 1991|access-date=29 June 2011|archive-date=3 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803110221/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5466&title=gulf-crisis-impact-ldcs | last1=Manuel | first1=Marcus }}</ref>

The ODI factored in elements of "cost" which included oil imports, remittance flows, re-settlement costs, loss of export earnings and tourism. For Egypt, the cost totaled $1&nbsp;billion, 3% of GDP. Yemen had a cost of $830&nbsp;million, 10% of GDP, while it cost Jordan $1.8&nbsp;billion, 32% of GDP.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Peters |first1=John E |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/2007/MR629.pdf |title=Out of Area or Out of Reach? European Military Support for Operations in Southwest Asia |last2=Deshong |first2=Howard |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-8330-2329-2}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

International response to the crisis on developing states came with the channeling of aid through The Gulf Crisis Financial Co-ordination Group. They were 24 states, comprising most of the OECD countries plus some Gulf states: Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Kuwait. The members of this group agreed to disperse $14&nbsp;billion in development assistance.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

The World Bank responded by speeding up the disbursement of existing project and adjustment loans. The [[International Monetary Fund]] adopted two lending facilities{{snd}}the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) and the Compensatory & Contingency Financing Facility (CCFF). The [[European Economic Community|European Community]] offered $2&nbsp;billion{{clarify|date=August 2011}} in assistance.<ref name="odi.org.uk" />