Editing Ferdinand Marcos (section)

==Exile in Hawaii (1986–1989)==
===Fleeing to Hawaii===
[[File:President Ronald Reagan with President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos and Imelda Marcos.jpg|thumb|Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos at the White House with US President [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1982]]

At 15:00 [[Philippine Standard Time|PST]] ([[GMT+8]]) on February 25, 1986, Marcos talked to United States Senator [[Paul Laxalt]], a close associate of President Reagan, asking for advice. Laxalt advised him to "cut and cut cleanly", to which Marcos expressed his disappointment.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1986/02/26/marcos-flees-aquino-rules/ |title=Marcos Flees, Aquino Rules |work=Chicago Tribune |date=February 26, 1986 |last1=de Lama |first1=George |last2=Collin |first2=Dorothy |access-date=February 3, 2014 |archive-date=October 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010145555/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-02-26/news/8601140956_1_marcos-final-destination-marcos-flight-ferdinand-e-marcos |url-status=live}}</ref> In the afternoon, Marcos talked to Enrile, asking for safe passage for him and his family, including close allies such as General Ver. Finally, at 9:00&nbsp;p.m., the Marcos family was transported by four [[Sikorsky S-61R|Sikorsky HH-3E]] [[helicopter]]s<ref name="Halperin">{{cite book|author=Halperin, Jonathan J.|title=The Other Side: How Soviets and Americans Perceive Each Other|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-0-88738-687-9|page=63|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=H1so7Od--csC|page=63}}|year=1987|access-date=September 3, 2020|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107165558/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1so7Od--csC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> to [[Clark Air Base]] in [[Angeles City]], about 83&nbsp;kilometers north of Manila, before boarding [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] [[C-130]] planes bound for [[Andersen Air Force Base]] in [[Guam]], and finally to [[Hickam Air Force Base]] in [[Hawaii]] where Marcos arrived on February 26.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/26/world/marcos-flees-and-is-taken-to-guam-us-recognizes-aquino-as-president.html|title=Marcos Flees and is Taken to Guam; U.S. Recognizes Aquino As President|first1=Seth|last1=Mydans|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 26, 1986|access-date=September 11, 2020|archive-date=September 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915140004/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/26/world/marcos-flees-and-is-taken-to-guam-us-recognizes-aquino-as-president.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He also brought with him 22 crates of cash valued at $717 million, 300 crates of assorted [[jewelry]], $4 million worth of unset precious gems, 65 Seiko and Cartier watches, a 12 by 4&nbsp;ft box full of [[pearl]]s, a 3&nbsp;ft solid [[gold]] statue covered in [[diamond]]s and other precious stones, $200,000 in gold bullion, nearly $1 million in Philippine pesos, and deposit slips to banks in the United States, Switzerland, and the Cayman Islands worth $124 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556744/news/specialreports/what-marcoses-brought-to-hawaii-after-fleeing-phl-in-86-717-m-in-cash-124-m-in-deposit-slips/|title=What Marcoses brought to Hawaii after fleeing PHL in '86: $717-M in cash, $124-M in deposit slips|website=GMA News Online|date=February 25, 2016|access-date=November 7, 2023|archive-date=February 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208024530/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556744/news/specialreports/what-marcoses-brought-to-hawaii-after-fleeing-phl-in-86-717-m-in-cash-124-m-in-deposit-slips|url-status=live}}</ref>

Initially, there was confusion in Washington as to what to do with Marcos and the 90 members of his entourage.<ref name="AP">{{cite news |title=List of Marcos' Companions Released With PM-Philippines Bjt |url=https://apnews.com/article/c7e5627bdace0aeb2197fc1cad669a75 |access-date=June 11, 2021 |work=Associated Press |date=March 11, 1986 |archive-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611035612/https://apnews.com/article/c7e5627bdace0aeb2197fc1cad669a75 |url-status=live}}</ref> Given the special relations Marcos nurtured with Reagan, the former had expectations of favorable treatment. However, Reagan kept his distance. The [[State Department]] in turn assigned former Deputy Chief of Mission to Manila, [[Robert G. Rich Jr.]] to be the point of contact. The entourage were first billeted inside the housing facilities of [[Hickam Air Force Base]]. The State Department announced the Marcoses were not immune from legal charges, and within weeks hundreds of cases had been filed against them.<ref name="ADST - Handholding a Dictator">{{cite web |title=The End of an Era—Handholding Ferdinand Marcos in Exile |url=https://adst.org/2015/02/the-end-of-an-era-handholding-ferdinand-marcos-in-exile/ |website=Association for Diplomatic Studies & Training |date=February 18, 2015 |publisher=Association of Diplomatic Studies & Training |access-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611035613/https://adst.org/2015/02/the-end-of-an-era-handholding-ferdinand-marcos-in-exile/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Throughout his stay in Hawaii, he and his family enjoyed a high life, living in a luxurious house in [[Makiki Heights]], as Imelda entertained guests at parties,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/16/us/marcos-and-wife-enjoy-the-high-life-in-hawaii.html |title=Marcos and Wife Enjoy The High Life in Hawaii |first1=Kendall J. |last1=Wills |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 16, 1988 |access-date=September 11, 2020 |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302202248/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/16/us/marcos-and-wife-enjoy-the-high-life-in-hawaii.html |url-status=live}}</ref> while Filipinos back in the Philippines suffered under the debt Marcos incurred.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/774774/well-pay-marcos-debt-until-2025|title='We'll pay Marcos debt until 2025'|date=March 18, 2016|website=INQUIRER.net|access-date=September 11, 2020|archive-date=September 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913031320/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/774774/well-pay-marcos-debt-until-2025|url-status=live}}</ref>

When protestors stormed Malacañang Palace shortly after their departure, it was notoriously discovered that Imelda had left behind over 2,700 pairs of shoes.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Ferdinand E. Marcos |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/364302/Ferdinand-E-Marcos |access-date=November 19, 2007 |archive-date=May 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512072139/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/364302/Ferdinand-E-Marcos |url-status=live}}</ref> The protesters looted and vandalized the palace, many stole documents, jewelry, food, typewriters, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/02/25/Jubilant-Filipinos-loot-Marcos-Malacanang-palace/2403509691600/ |title=Jubilant Filipinos loot Marcos' Malacanang palace |website=UPI |access-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-date=May 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507064304/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/02/25/Jubilant-Filipinos-loot-Marcos-Malacanang-palace/2403509691600/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Catholic hierarchy and Manila's [[middle class]] were crucial to the success of the revolution. Contrary to the widely-held notion that the protests were limited to Manila, protests against Marcos also occurred in the provinces and on the islands of Visayas and Mindanao.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindanews.com/mindaviews/2021/03/reflections-edsa-from-the-eyes-of-a-mindanawon/|title=REFLECTIONS: EDSA from the Eyes of a Mindanawon|first=Mags Z.|last=Maglana|date=March 7, 2021|access-date=March 11, 2021|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308121827/https://www.mindanews.com/mindaviews/2021/03/reflections-edsa-from-the-eyes-of-a-mindanawon/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mindanaogoldstardaily.com/people-power-was-not-just-on-edsa/|title=People Power was not just on Edsa|website=[[Mindanao Gold Star Daily]]|date=February 28, 2020|access-date=March 11, 2021|archive-date=May 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531001738/https://mindanaogoldstardaily.com/people-power-was-not-just-on-edsa/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Plans to return and "The Marcos Tapes"===
More than a year after the revolution, it was revealed to the [[United States House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific|United States House Foreign Affairs subcommittee]] in 1987 that Marcos held an intention to return to the Philippines and overthrow the Aquino government. American attorney Richard Hirschfeld and business consultant Robert Chastain, both of whom posed as arms dealers, gained knowledge of a plot by gaining Marcos's trust and secretly recorded their conversations with the ousted leader.

According to Hirschfeld, he was first invited by Marcos to a party held at the latter's family residence in Honolulu. After hearing that one of Hirschfeld's clients was Saudi Sheikh Mohammad Fassi, Marcos's interest was piqued because he had done business with Saudis in the past. A few weeks later, Marcos asked for help with securing a passport from another country, in order to travel to the Philippines while bypassing travel restrictions imposed by the Philippines and United States governments. This failed, however, and subsequently Marcos asked Hirschfeld to arrange a $10-million loan from Fassi.

On January 12, 1987, Marcos stated to Hirschfeld that he required another $5-million loan "in order to pay 10,000 soldiers $500 each as a form of "combat life insurance". When asked by Hirschfeld if he was talking about an invasion of the Philippines, Marcos responded, "Yes". Hirschfeld stated that Marcos said that he was negotiating with several arms dealers to purchase up to $18 million worth of weapons, including tanks and heat-seeking missiles, and enough ammunition to "last an army three months".

Marcos had thought of flying to his hometown in Ilocos Norte and initiating a plot to kidnap Corazon Aquino. "What I would like to see happen is we take her hostage", Marcos told Chastain. "Not to hurt her&nbsp;... no reason to hurt her&nbsp;... to take her."

Learning of this plan, Hirschfeld contacted the [[US Department of Justice]], and was asked for further evidence. This information eventually reached President Ronald Reagan, who placed Marcos under "island arrest", further limiting his movement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/1b750440d5a491184f5b2a91533774c1|title=Former Philippine President Marcos Reveals Plan to Invade Homeland|work=AP News|access-date=July 8, 2018|archive-date=July 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708191844/https://www.apnews.com/1b750440d5a491184f5b2a91533774c1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-07-10-mn-1939-story.html|title=10,000 Troops, Billions in Gold: House Panel Hears Tapes of Marcos Plotting coup|last=GETLIN|first=JOSH|date=July 10, 1987|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=July 8, 2018|issn=0458-3035|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107165526/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-07-10-mn-1939-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Legal cases===
Within two weeks of his arrival to the United States, hundreds of criminal and civil cases against the Marcos clique were filed in Hawaii, San Francisco, and New York.<ref name="ADST - Handholding a Dictator" /> Marcos made personal appeals to Reagan to put a stop to these cases. In June 1988 [[United States National Security Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[Colin Powell]] recommended proceeding with indictments of the Marcoses, as he reviewed the cases as forwarded by [[United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York]] [[Rudy Giuliani]]. Reagan tacitly approved.<ref name="RRPL - Box 153">{{cite web |title=Collection: WHORM Subject Files Folder Title:CO 125 (Philippines) 560000-574999 Box 153 |url=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/public/digitallibrary/whormsubject/co125/box-153/40-654-6282802-153-009-2018.pdf |website=Ronald Reagan Presidential Library |publisher=Ronald Reagan Presidential Library Digital Library Collections |access-date=June 14, 2021 |archive-date=June 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614013620/https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/public/digitallibrary/whormsubject/co125/box-153/40-654-6282802-153-009-2018.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> On August 4, Marcos stated that he had [[Immunity from prosecution (international law)|head of state immunity]] to resist the subpoenas by a [[Grand juries in the United States#Federal law|federal grand jury]] to produce his finger and palm prints, and failed to consent to investigators to review his bank accounts. By August 18, a bench warrant of arrest was issued against the Marcoses. By October that year, Reagan personally wrote to Marcos informing him that he believed his innocence of the charges against him, but reminding him that the case was out of his hands. He assured him that they would have every opportunity to prove their innocence.<ref name="RRPL - CO125">{{cite web |title=Folder Title:CO 125 (Philippines) 589090 (1) Box: 153 |url=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/public/digitallibrary/whormsubject/co125/box-153/40-654-6282802-153-012-2018.pdf |website=Ronald Reagan Presidential Library |access-date=June 14, 2021 |archive-date=June 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614020802/https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/public/digitallibrary/whormsubject/co125/box-153/40-654-6282802-153-012-2018.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Giuliani pressed for indicting the Marcoses for violating the [[Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act]] (RICO). The RICO Act focuses specifically on [[racketeering]] and allows the leaders of a syndicate to be tried for the crimes they [[Dirty hands|ordered]] others to do [[Enmund v. Florida|or assisted them in doing]]. For example, before RICO, a person who instructed someone else to [[murder]] could be exempt from prosecution because they did not personally commit the crime. In his next letter to President Reagan on October 20, Marcos complained that Giuliani was giving them nothing but an ultimatum to plead guilty, and even to testify against others, including his own family.<ref name="RRPL - CO125" />