Editing Conservative Party (UK) (section)

== Party factions ==
The Conservative Party has a variety of internal factions or ideologies, including [[one-nation conservatism]],<ref name="new identity">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4446864.stm|title=UK Politics – Cameron: Tories need new identity|work=BBC|access-date=24 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223160452/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4446864.stm|archive-date=23 February 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14115047 |title=Introducing Cameronism |work=BBC News |date=11 July 2011 |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425081144/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14115047 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Christian democracy]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2016 |title=A Christian Democrat leadership for the UK |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8b3b58b4-8bc7-11e6-8cb7-e7ada1d123b1 |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013220801/https://www.ft.com/content/8b3b58b4-8bc7-11e6-8cb7-e7ada1d123b1 |archive-date=13 October 2016}}</ref> [[Cornerstone Group|social conservatism]], [[Thatcherism]], [[traditional conservatism]], [[British neoconservatism|neoconservatism]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gees.org/documentos/Documen-783.pdf |title=Document 783 |publisher=GEES |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016061229/https://gees.org/documentos/Documen-783.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/mar/03/david-cameron-neoconservative-cabinet|title=The siren song of the neocons in David Cameron's cabinet|author=Richard Seymour|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 March 2011|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221111849/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/mar/03/david-cameron-neoconservative-cabinet|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Euroscepticism]],<ref name="whitaker">{{cite news|title=Where There is Discord, Can They Bring Harmony? Managing Intra-party Dissent on European Integration in the Conservative Party|first1=Philip |last1=Lynch |first2=Richard |last2=Whitaker |url=http://moodle.bbk.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/219644/mod_page/content/59/bjpi526.pdf|newspaper=The British Journal of Politics and International Relations|date=2012|access-date=1 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502003650/http://moodle.bbk.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/219644/mod_page/content/59/bjpi526.pdf|archive-date=2 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and, since 2016, [[right-wing populism]].<ref name=Ba23/><ref name="Windsor 2022 p732">{{cite web | last=Windsor | first=Richard | title=Tories at war: what happened to the world's most successful party? | website=theweek | date=5 October 2022 | url=https://theweek.com/news/politics/958099/tories-at-war-what-happened-to-the-worlds-most-successful-party | access-date=16 September 2023}}</ref>

=== One-nation Conservatives ===
{{One-nation conservatism}}
[[One-nation conservatism]] was the party's dominant ideology in the 20th century until the rise of [[Thatcherism]] in the 1970s. It has included in its ranks Conservative Prime Ministers such as [[Stanley Baldwin]], [[Harold Macmillan]] and [[Edward Heath]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Robert |last1=Garner |first2=Richard N. |last2=Kelly |title=British political parties today |year=1998 |page=66}}</ref> One-nation Conservatives in the contemporary party include former [[First Secretary of State]] [[Damian Green]], the current chair of the [[One Nation Conservatives (caucus)|One Nation Conservatives]] caucus.

The name itself comes from a famous phrase of [[Disraeli]]. Ideologically, one-nation conservatism identifies itself with a broad [[paternalistic conservative]] stance. One-nation Conservatives are often associated with the [[Tory Reform Group]] and the [[Bow Group]]. Adherents believe in [[social cohesion]] and support social institutions that maintain harmony between different interest groups, classes, and—more recently—different races or religions. These institutions have typically included the [[welfare state]], the [[BBC]], and local government.

One-nation Conservatives often invoke [[Edmund Burke]] and his emphasis on [[civil society]] ("little platoons") as the foundations of society, as well as his opposition to radical politics of all types. The Red Tory theory of [[Phillip Blond]] is a strand of the one-nation school of thought; prominent Red Tories include former Cabinet Ministers [[Iain Duncan Smith]] and [[Eric Pickles]] and [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State]] [[Jesse Norman]].<ref>Politics Review, April 2013</ref> There is a difference of opinion among supporters regarding the European Union. Some support it perhaps stemming from an extension of the cohesion principle to the international level, though others are strongly against the EU (such as [[Peter Tapsell (UK politician)|Peter Tapsell]]).

=== Free-market Conservatives ===
The "free-market wing" of [[economic liberals]] achieved dominance after the election of Margaret Thatcher as party leader in 1975. Their goal was to reduce the role of the government in the economy and to this end, they supported cuts in direct taxation, the [[privatisation]] of [[nationalised]] industries and a reduction in the size and scope of the welfare state. Supporters of the "free-market wing" have been labelled as "[[Thatcherites]]". The group has disparate views of social policy: Thatcher herself was [[socially conservative]] and a practising [[Anglican]] but the free-market wing in the Conservative Party harbour a range of social opinions from the [[civil libertarian]] views of [[Michael Portillo]], [[Daniel Hannan]], and [[David Davis (British politician)|David Davis]] to the [[traditional conservatism]] of former party leaders [[William Hague]] and [[Iain Duncan Smith]]. The Thatcherite wing is also associated with the concept of a "classless society".<ref>{{cite book |first=Tim |last=Bale |author-link=Tim Bale |title=The Conservative Party: From Thatcher to Cameron |year=2011 |page=145}}</ref>

Whilst a number of party members are [[pro-European]], some free-marketeers are [[Eurosceptic]], perceiving most EU regulations as interference in the free market and/or a threat to British sovereignty. EU centralisation also conflicts with the localist ideals that have grown in prominence within the party in recent years. Rare Thatcherite Europhiles included [[Leon Brittan]]. Many take inspiration from Thatcher's Bruges speech in 1988, in which she declared that "we have not successfully rolled back the frontiers of the state in Britain only to see them reimposed at a European level". A number of free-market Conservatives have signed the [[Better Off Out]] pledge to leave the EU.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.betteroffout.net/supporters/ |title=Supporters |publisher=Better Off Out |access-date=18 June 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620024415/http://www.betteroffout.net/supporters/ |archive-date=20 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thatcherites and [[economic liberals]] in the party tend to support [[Atlanticism]], something exhibited between Margaret Thatcher and [[Ronald Reagan]].

Thatcher herself claimed philosophical inspiration from the works of Burke and [[Friedrich Hayek]] for her defence of liberal economics. Groups associated with this tradition include the [[No Turning Back (political group)|No Turning Back]] Group and [[Conservative Way Forward]], whilst Enoch Powell and [[Keith Joseph]] are usually cited as early influences in the movement.<ref>{{cite book |first=Eric J. |last=Evans |title=Thatcher and Thatcherism |url=https://archive.org/details/thatcherthatcher00evan |url-access=limited |year=2004 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/thatcherthatcher00evan/page/n20 6], 72}}</ref> Some free-market supporters and [[Christian Democrats]] within the party tend to advocate the [[Social Market Economy]], which supports free markets alongside social and environmental responsibility, as well a welfare state. Joseph was the first to introduce the model idea into British politics, writing the publication: ''Why Britain needs a Social Market Economy''.

{{Toryism|expanded=related}}

=== Traditionalist Conservatives ===
This [[socially conservative]] right-wing grouping is currently associated with the [[Cornerstone Group]] (or Faith, Flag and Family), and is the oldest tradition within the Conservative Party, closely associated with [[High Toryism]]. The name stems from its support for three social institutions: the [[Church of England]], the [[unitary state|unitary British state]] and the family. To this end, it emphasises the country's [[Anglican]] heritage, oppose any transfer of power away from the United Kingdom—either downwards to the nations and regions or upwards to the European Union—and seek to place greater emphasis on [[traditional family]] structures to repair what it sees as a broken society in the UK. It is a strong advocate of marriage and believes the Conservative Party should back the institution with tax breaks and have opposed the alleged assaults on both traditional family structures and fatherhood.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-04 |title=Conservative MPs call for 'moral values' agenda : ePolitix.com |url=http://www.epolitix.com/latestnews/article-detail/newsarticle/conservative-mpsnbspcall-fornbspmoral-values-agenda/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604195558/http://www.epolitix.com/latestnews/article-detail/newsarticle/conservative-mpsnbspcall-fornbspmoral-values-agenda/ |archive-date=4 June 2011 }}</ref>

Prominent MPs from this wing of the party include [[Andrew Rosindell]], [[Edward Leigh]] and [[Jacob Rees-Mogg]]—the latter two being prominent Roman Catholics, notable in a faction marked out by its support for the established Church of England.

=== Relationships between the factions ===
Sometimes two groupings have united to oppose the third. Both Thatcherite and traditionalist Conservatives rebelled over Europe (and in particular Maastricht) during [[John Major]]'s premiership; and traditionalist and One Nation MPs united to inflict Margaret Thatcher's only major defeat in Parliament, over Sunday trading.

Not all Conservative MPs can be easily placed within one of the above groupings. For example, John Major was the ostensibly "Thatcherite" candidate during the [[1990 Conservative Party leadership election|1990 leadership election]], but he consistently promoted One-Nation Conservatives to the higher reaches of his cabinet during his time as Prime Minister. These included [[Kenneth Clarke]] as Chancellor of the Exchequer and [[Michael Heseltine]] as Deputy Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.johnmajor.co.uk/page2384.html |title=Mr Major's Third Cabinet |publisher=John Major |date=25 September 1992 |access-date=18 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031080312/http://johnmajor.co.uk/page2384.html |archive-date=31 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>