Editing Concrete (section)

===Climate change mitigation===
Reducing the cement clinker content might have positive effects on the environmental life-cycle assessment of concrete. Some research work on reducing the cement clinker content in concrete has already been carried out. However, there exist different research strategies. Often replacement of some clinker for large amounts of slag or fly ash was investigated based on conventional concrete technology. This could lead to a waste of scarce raw materials such as slag and fly ash. The aim of other research activities is the efficient use of cement and reactive materials like slag and fly ash in concrete based on a modified mix design approach.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Proske |first1=Tilo |last2=Hainer |first2=Stefan |last3=Rezvani |first3=Moien |last4=Graubner |first4=Carl-Alexander |title=Eco-friendly concretes with reduced water and cement contents – Mix design principles and laboratory tests |journal=Cement and Concrete Research |date=September 2013 |volume=51 |pages=38–46 |doi=10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.04.011 }}</ref>

The embodied carbon of a precast concrete facade can be reduced by 50% when using the presented fiber reinforced high performance concrete in place of typical reinforced concrete cladding.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Hegarty |first1=Richard |last2=Kinnane |first2=Oliver |last3=Newell |first3=John |last4=West |first4=Roger |title=High performance, low carbon concrete for building cladding applications |journal=Journal of Building Engineering |date=November 2021 |volume=43 |page=102566 |doi=10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102566 }}</ref> Studies have been conducted about commercialization of low-carbon concretes. [[Life-cycle assessment|Life cycle assessment]] (LCA) of low-carbon concrete was investigated according to the ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) and fly ash (FA) replacement ratios. Global warming potential (GWP) of GGBS decreased by 1.1&nbsp;kg CO<sub>2</sub> eq/m<sup>3</sup>, while FA decreased by 17.3&nbsp;kg CO<sub>2</sub> eq/m<sup>3</sup> when the mineral admixture replacement ratio was increased by 10%. This study also compared the compressive strength properties of binary blended low-carbon concrete according to the replacement ratios, and the applicable range of mixing proportions was derived.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Jaehyun |last2=Lee |first2=Taegyu |last3=Jeong |first3=Jaewook |last4=Jeong |first4=Jaemin |title=Sustainability and performance assessment of binary blended low-carbon concrete using supplementary cementitious materials |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |date=January 2021 |volume=280 |page=124373 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124373 |bibcode=2021JCPro.28024373L |s2cid=224849505 }}</ref>