Editing Columbus, Ohio (section)

===Transportation===
====Local roads, grid and address system====
[[File:Columbus Numbered Streets and Avenues.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Locations of numbered streets and avenues]]
The city's two main corridors since its founding are [[Broad Street (Columbus, Ohio)|Broad]] and [[High Street (Columbus, Ohio)|High Street]]s. They both traverse beyond the extent of the city; High Street is the longest in Columbus, running {{cvt|13.5|mi}} (23.4 across the county), while Broad Street is longer across the county, at {{cvt|25.1|mi}}.<ref>{{cite news|last=Elliott|first=Susannah|title=What is the longest, continuously running street in Columbus?|newspaper=The Columbus Dispatch|url=https://www.dispatch.com/article/20150728/NEWS/307289805|date=July 28, 2015|access-date=May 21, 2020|archive-date=July 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709012406/https://www.dispatch.com/article/20150728/NEWS/307289805|url-status=live}}</ref>

The city's street plan originates downtown and extends into the old-growth neighborhoods, following a [[grid plan|grid pattern]] with the intersection of High Street (running north–south) and Broad Street (running east–west) at its center. North–south streets run 12 degrees west of due north, parallel to High Street; the avenues (vis. Fifth Avenue, Sixth Avenue, Seventh Avenue, and so on) run 12 degrees off from east–west.<ref>Moore, p. 127</ref><ref name="Broad and High">{{cite news|title=The Start of Broad and High|newspaper=The Columbus Dispatch|page=163|url=https://infoweb-newsbank-com.webproxy3.columbuslibrary.org/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&t=pubname%3A1467499E363272B3%21Columbus%2BDispatch/year%3A1962%211962/mody%3A1014%211014&sort=_rank_%3AD&fld-base-0=alltext&maxresults=20&val-base-0=Columbus%20Looks%20Ahead&docref=image%2Fv2%3A1467499E363272B3%40EANX-NB-1612133B2EDECE68%402437952-161211C66DC0CF57%40162|date=October 14, 1962|accessdate=October 23, 2021|archive-date=September 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920170805/https://login.webproxy3.columbuslibrary.org/login?qurl=https://infoweb.newsbank.com%2fapps%2fnews%2fdocument-view%3fp%3dWORLDNEWS%26t%3dpubname%253A1467499E363272B3%21Columbus%252BDispatch%2fyear%253A1962%211962%2fmody%253A1014%211014%26sort%3d_rank_%253AD%26fld-base-0%3dalltext%26maxresults%3d20%26val-base-0%3dColumbus%2520Looks%2520Ahead%26docref%3dimage%252Fv2%253A1467499E363272B3%2540EANX-NB-1612133B2EDECE68%25402437952-161211C66DC0CF57%2540162|url-status=live}}</ref>

The address system begins its numbering at the intersection of Broad and High, with numbers increasing in magnitude with distance from Broad or High, as well as cardinal directions used alongside street names.<ref name="OHGuide">{{cite book|author=[[Federal Writers' Project]] employees|title=The Ohio Guide|edition=3rd|page=246|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MEi95NfEecC|date=1946|isbn=9781603540346|access-date=April 27, 2020}}</ref> Numbered avenues begin with First Avenue, about {{convert|1+1/4|mi|abbr=on}} north of Broad Street, and increase in number as one progresses northward. Numbered streets begin with Second Street, which is two blocks west of High Street, and Third Street, which is a block east of High Street, then progress eastward from there. Even-numbered addresses are on the north and east sides of streets, putting odd addresses on the south and west sides of streets. A difference of 700 house numbers means a distance of about {{convert|1|mi|abbr=on}} (along the same street).<ref name="fracomap" />

Other major, local roads in Columbus include Main Street, Morse Road, Dublin-Granville Road ([[Ohio State Route 161|SR-161]]), Cleveland Avenue/Westerville Road ([[Ohio State Highway 3|SR-3]]), Olentangy River Road, Riverside Drive, Sunbury Road, Fifth Avenue and Livingston Avenue.

====Highways====
[[File:Spring and Long St bridges.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[I-71]], part of the [[innerbelt]] around downtown, bridged by numerous overpasses]]
Columbus is bisected by two major [[Interstate Highway System|Interstate Highways]]: [[Interstate 70 in Ohio|Interstate 70]] running east–west and [[Interstate 71]] running north to roughly southwest. They combine downtown for about {{convert|1.5|mi|abbr=on}} in an area locally known as "The Split", which is a major [[traffic congestion]] point, especially during [[rush hour]]. [[U.S. Route 40 (Ohio)|U.S. Route 40]], originally known as the [[National Road]], runs east–west through Columbus, comprising Main Street to the east of downtown and Broad Street to the west. [[U.S. Route 23 in Ohio|U.S. Route 23]] runs roughly north–south, while [[U.S. Route 33 in Ohio|U.S. Route 33]] runs northwest-to-southeast. The [[Interstate 270 (Ohio)|Interstate 270]] [[Ring road|Outerbelt]] encircles most of the city, while the newly redesigned Innerbelt consists of the [[Interstate 670 (Ohio)|Interstate 670]] spur on the north side (which continues to the east past the Airport and to the west where it merges with I-70), [[Ohio State Route 315|State Route 315]] on the west side, the I-70/71 split on the south side and I-71 on the east. Due to its central location within Ohio and abundance of outbound roadways, nearly all of the state's destinations are within a two- or three-hour drive of Columbus.

====Bridges====
[[File:Discovery Bridge, Columbus, Ohio 05.jpg|thumb|The [[Discovery Bridge (Columbus, Ohio)|Discovery Bridge]]]]
The Columbus riverfront hosts several bridges. The [[Discovery Bridge (Columbus, Ohio)|Discovery Bridge]] connects downtown to Franklinton across Broad Street. The bridge opened in 1992, replacing a 1921 concrete arch bridge; the first bridge at the site was built in 1816.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ohionationalroad.org/broad-street-bridge/|title=Broad Street Bridge|date=August 26, 2015|work=Ohio National Road Association|access-date=October 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026225405/http://www.ohionationalroad.org/broad-street-bridge/|archive-date=October 26, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The {{convert|700|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[Main Street Bridge (Columbus, Ohio)|Main Street Bridge]] opened on July 30, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.downtowncolumbus.com/progress/main-street-bridge |title=Main Street Bridge: Steel Structure Makes Dramatic Visual Impact on Downtown Columbus Skyline |access-date=August 6, 2010 |work=Downtown Columbus | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106135608/http://www.downtowncolumbus.com/progress/main-street-bridge | archive-date = January 6, 2009}}</ref> The bridge has three lanes for vehicular traffic (one westbound and two eastbound) and another separated lane for pedestrians and bikes. The [[Rich Street Bridge]] opened in July 2012 adjacent to the Main Street Bridge, connecting Rich Street on the east side of the river with Town Street on the west.<ref>{{cite web |author=The Columbus Dispatch |url=http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2012/07/02/fireworks-spectators-get-to-use-bridge-first.html |title=Fireworks spectators first to use Rich Street bridge &#124; The Columbus Dispatch |publisher=Dispatch.com |date=July 2, 2012 |access-date=March 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120173145/http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2012/07/02/fireworks-spectators-get-to-use-bridge-first.html |archive-date=January 20, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pubserv.ci.columbus.oh.us/transportation/Document_Library/PROJECTS/Rich_Street_Bridge.pdf |title=Rich Street Bridge Replacement |access-date=August 6, 2010 |work=City of Columbus |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091222051818/http://pubserv.ci.columbus.oh.us/transportation/Document_Library/PROJECTS/Rich_Street_Bridge.pdf | archive-date = December 22, 2009}}</ref> The [[Lane Avenue Bridge]] is a [[cable-stayed bridge]] that opened on November 14, 2003, in the University District. The bridge spans the Olentangy River with three lanes of traffic each way.

====Airports====
[[File:John Glenn International Airport Departure level.jpg|thumb|[[John Glenn Columbus International Airport]] departure level]]
The city's primary airport, [[John Glenn Columbus International Airport]], is on the city's east side. Formerly known as Port Columbus, John Glenn provides service to [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canada, and [[Cancun, Mexico]] (on a seasonal basis), as well as to most domestic destinations, including all the major hubs along with [[San Francisco International Airport|San Francisco]], [[Salt Lake City International Airport|Salt Lake City]] and [[Seattle-Tacoma International Airport|Seattle]]. The airport was a hub for [[Low-cost carrier|discount carrier]] [[Skybus Airlines]] and continues to be home to [[NetJets]], the world's largest [[fractional ownership]] air carrier. According to a 2005 market survey, John Glenn Columbus International Airport attracts about 50% of its passengers from outside of its {{convert|60|mi|km|adj=on}} radius primary service region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://columbusairports.com/files/about-us/craa-eia-full-brochure1.pdf|title=Regional Airports economic impact study, Wilbur Smith Associates, Inc., January 2005, Chap 1 pp2-4|access-date=July 5, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120134939/http://columbusairports.com/files/about-us/craa-eia-full-brochure1.pdf|archive-date=January 20, 2013}}</ref> It is the 52nd-busiest airport in the United States by total passenger boardings.<ref>[[Columbus Dispatch]], February 26, 2012: "Can't get there from here (At least, not without a layover"), pp. D1-2 (By Steve Wartenberg)</ref>

[[Rickenbacker International Airport]], in southern Franklin County, is a major cargo facility that is used by the Ohio [[Air National Guard]]. [[Allegiant Air]] offers nonstop service from Rickenbacker to [[Florida]] destinations. [[Ohio State University Airport|Ohio State University Don Scott Airport]] and [[Bolton Field]] are other large general-aviation facilities in the Columbus area.

=====Aviation history=====
[[File:Old Port Columbus Airport Control Tower and Terminal, Columbus, OH, US (06).jpg|thumb|[[Old Port Columbus Terminal|Port Columbus Airport tower and terminal]] from 1929 to 1958]]
[[File:Spirit of Columbus in Udvar-Hazy Center, February 2015.JPG|thumb|[[Jerrie Mock]]'s ''[[Spirit of Columbus]]'', which she piloted in 1964 as the first woman to fly solo around the world, at the [[Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center]]]]
In 1907, 14-year-old [[Cromwell Dixon]] built the ''SkyCycle,'' a pedal-powered blimp, which he flew at [[Driving Park]].<ref name=PCI>{{Cite web|date=February 5, 2005|title=75 Years of Flight in Columbus|url=http://www.port-columbus.com/about/75anniv.asp|access-date=December 26, 2022|website=Port Columbus International Airport|archive-date=February 5, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205141621/http://www.port-columbus.com/about/75anniv.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Three years later, one of the [[Wright brothers]]' exhibition pilots, Phillip Parmalee, conducted the world's first commercial cargo flight when he flew two packages containing 88 kilograms of silk {{convert|70|mi}} from Dayton to Columbus in a [[Wright Model B]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Allaz|first=Camille|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPLm9omt_YIC|title=History of Air Cargo and Airmail from the 18th Century|date=March 2005|publisher=Google Consultant|isbn=978-0-9548896-0-9|language=en|access-date=September 6, 2015|archive-date=September 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920170756/https://books.google.com/books?id=fPLm9omt_YIC|url-status=live}}</ref>

Military aviators from Columbus distinguished themselves during World War I. Six Columbus pilots, led by top [[Flying ace|ace]] [[Eddie Rickenbacker]], achieved 42 "kills" – a full 10% of all US aerial victories in the war, and more than the aviators of any other American city.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lyon |first=C.C. |date=March 30, 1919 |title=Six Columbus, O., Airmen Shot Down 42 Hun Planes |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2984015// |newspaper=[[The Washington Herald]] |location=Washington, DC |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=August 10, 2015 |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920170742/https://www.newspapers.com/article/2984015/ |url-status=live }} {{Open access}}</ref>

After the war, Port Columbus Airport (now known as [[John Glenn Columbus International Airport]]) became the axis of a coordinated rail-to-air transcontinental system that moved passengers from the East Coast to the West. TAT, which later became [[Trans World Airlines|TWA]], provided commercial service, following [[Charles Lindbergh]]'s promotion of Columbus to the nation for such a hub. Following the failure of a bond levy in 1927 to build the airport, Lindbergh campaigned in the city in 1928, and the next bond levy passed that year.<ref name=PCI /> On July 8, 1929, the airport opened for business with the inaugural TAT westbound flight from Columbus to Waynoka, Oklahoma. Among the 19 passengers on that flight was [[Amelia Earhart]],<ref name=PCI /> with [[Henry Ford]] and [[Harvey Firestone]] attending the opening ceremonies.<ref name=PCI />

In 1964, Ohio native [[Jerrie Mock|Geraldine Fredritz Mock]] became the first woman to fly solo around the world, leaving from and returning to Columbus while piloting the ''[[Spirit of Columbus]]''. Her flight lasted nearly a month and set a record for speed for planes under {{convert|3858|lb}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spirit of Columbus - Ohio History Central|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Spirit_of_Columbus?rec=2731|access-date=December 26, 2022|website=ohiohistorycentral.org|archive-date=December 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226181135/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Spirit_of_Columbus?rec=2731|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Public transit====
{{main|Public transit in Columbus, Ohio}}
[[File:Columbus, OH - COTA Spring St.jpg|thumb|[[Central Ohio Transit Authority|COTA]]'s Spring Street Terminal, one of its five transit centers]]
[[File:Columbus Union Station arcade, June 1970.jpg|thumb|Arcade of the third [[Union Station (Columbus, Ohio)|Union Station]], the city's rail station from 1897 to 1977]]
Columbus maintains a widespread municipal bus service called the [[Central Ohio Transit Authority]] (COTA). The service operates [[List of COTA bus routes|41 routes]] with a fleet of 440 buses, serving approximately 19 million passengers per year. COTA operates 23 regular fixed-service routes, 14 express services, a [[bus rapid transit]] route, a free downtown circulator, night service, an airport connector and other services.<ref name="2019ar">{{cite web|title=2019 Annual Report|work=Central Ohio Transit Authority|url=https://www.cota.com/who-we-are/2019-annual-report/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323174235/https://www.cota.com/who-we-are/2019-annual-report/|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 23, 2020|date=2019|access-date=March 23, 2020}}</ref> [[LinkUS]], an initiative between COTA, the city, and the [[Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission]], is planning to add more rapid transit to Columbus, with three proposed corridors operating by 2030, and potentially a total of five by 2050.

Intercity bus service is provided at the [[Columbus Bus Station]] by [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound]], [[Barons Bus Lines]], Miller Transportation, [[GoBus (Ohio)|GoBus]] and other carriers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kfhgroup.com/aibra/Tables/tables.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=September 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426091154/http://www.kfhgroup.com/aibra/Tables/tables.htm |archive-date=April 26, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Columbus does not have passenger rail service. The city's major train station, [[Union Station (Columbus)|Union Station]], was a stop along [[Amtrak]]'s [[National Limited]] train service until 1977 and was razed in 1979,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.columbus.rr.com/unionstation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028014238/http://home.columbus.rr.com/unionstation|archive-date=October 28, 2006|title=Columbus Union Station|date=October 13, 2006}}</ref> and the [[Greater Columbus Convention Center]] now stands in its place. Until Amtrak's founding in 1971, the [[Penn Central]] ran the ''[[Cincinnati Limited]]'' to Cincinnati to the southwest (in prior years the train continued to New York City to the east); the ''[[Ohio State Limited]]'' between [[Cincinnati]] and [[Cleveland]], with Union Station serving as a major intermediate stop (the train going unnamed between 1967 and 1971); and the ''[[Spirit of St. Louis (train)|Spirit of St. Louis]],'' which ran between St. Louis and New York City until 1971. The station was also a stop along the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]], the [[New York Central Railroad]], the [[Chesapeake and Ohio Railway]], the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]], the [[Norfolk and Western Railway]], the [[Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad]], and the [[Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad]]. As the city lacks local, commuter or intercity trains, Columbus is now the largest city and metropolitan area in the U.S. without any passenger rail service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trainweb.org/moksrail/documents/pop/msa.htm|title=Metropolitan Areas Served by Amtrak|date=November 23, 2006|access-date=May 2, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624205811/http://www.trainweb.org/moksrail/documents/pop/msa.htm|archive-date=June 24, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20081227/ts_nm/us_transportation_phoenix |title=Phoenix debuts light-rail system |date=December 27, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231085009/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20081227/ts_nm/us_transportation_phoenix |archive-date=December 31, 2008 }}</ref> Numerous proposals to return rail service have been introduced; currently Amtrak plans to restore service to Columbus by 2035.

====Cycling network====
[[File:CoGo Columbus.jpg|thumb|[[CoGo]] bikeshare station in the [[Arena District]]]]
[[Cycling]] as transportation is steadily increasing in Columbus with its relatively flat terrain, intact urban neighborhoods, large student population and off-road bike paths. The city has put forth the 2012 Bicentennial Bikeways Plan, as well as a move toward a Complete Streets policy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.altaprojects.net/columbus/ |title=Columbus (OH) Bikeways Plan |publisher=Altaprojects.net |access-date=May 5, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202153730/http://www.altaprojects.net/columbus/ |archive-date=February 2, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://publicservice.columbus.gov/content.aspx?id=30674|title=Public Service Home|website=publicservice.columbus.gov|access-date=July 6, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120134951/http://publicservice.columbus.gov/content.aspx?id=30674|archive-date=January 20, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Grassroots efforts such as Bike to Work Week, Consider Biking, Yay Bikes,<ref>{{cite web|first=Michael |last=Reed |url=http://yaybikes.com/about-us/ |title=About Us &#124; Yay Bikes! &#124; Columbus, Oh |publisher=Yay Bikes! |access-date=July 5, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805124340/http://yaybikes.com/about-us/ |archive-date=August 5, 2012  }}</ref> Third Hand Bicycle Co-op,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thirdhand.org/|title=Third Hand Bike Co-Op|access-date=June 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625192652/http://thirdhand.org/|archive-date=June 25, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Franklinton Cycleworks and ''Cranksters'', a local radio program focused on urban cycling,<ref>{{cite web |author=WCRS LP Columbus Community Radio |url=http://wcrsfm.org/cranksters |title=Cranksters &#124; WCRS LP Columbus Community Radio |publisher=Wcrsfm.org |date=November 15, 2008 |access-date=May 5, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427164052/http://www.wcrsfm.org/cranksters |archive-date=April 27, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> have contributed to cycling as transportation.

Columbus also hosts [[Utility cycling|urban cycling]] "off-shots" with messenger-style "alleycat" races, as well as unorganized group rides, a monthly [[Critical Mass (cycling)|Critical Mass]] ride,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://comacrew.homestead.com/criticalmass.html |title=Critical Mass Columbus |publisher=Comacrew.homestead.com |access-date=May 5, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329225149/http://comacrew.homestead.com/criticalmass.html |archive-date=March 29, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Cycle polo|bicycle polo]], art showings, movie nights and a variety of [[bicycle-friendly]] businesses and events throughout the year. All this activity occurs despite Columbus's frequently inclement weather.

The [[Main Street Bridge (Columbus, Ohio)|Main Street Bridge]], opened in 2010, features a dedicated bike and pedestrian lane separated from traffic.

The city has its own [[Bicycle-sharing system|public bicycle system]]. [[CoGo Bike Share]] has a network of about 600 bicycles and 80 docking stations. [[PBSC Urban Solutions]], a company based in [[Canada]], supplies technology and equipment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cogobikeshare.com/about|title=Meet CoGo Bike Share|website=www.cogobikeshare.com|access-date=September 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915203807/http://www.cogobikeshare.com/about|archive-date=September 15, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/business/pedaling-uphill-to-save-a-bike-share-pioneer.html|title=The Uphill Push to Save a Bike-Share Pioneer|last=Austen|first=Ian|date=January 9, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=September 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305013525/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/business/pedaling-uphill-to-save-a-bike-share-pioneer.html|archive-date=March 5, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bird (transportation company)|Bird electric scooters]] have also been introduced.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2018/07/bird_electric_scooters_now_in.html|title=Bird electric scooters now in Columbus: What are they, are they legal and could they come to Cleveland?|work=cleveland.com|access-date=October 17, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017203210/https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2018/07/bird_electric_scooters_now_in.html|archive-date=October 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Modal share====
The city of Columbus has a higher-than-average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 9.8% of Columbus households lacked a car, a number that fell slightly to 9.4% in 2016. The national average was 8.7% in 2016. Columbus averaged 1.55 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map|journal=Governing|url=http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html|access-date=May 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511162014/http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html|archive-date=May 11, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>