Editing Chloroplast (section)

=== Pigments and chloroplast colors ===
Inside the photosystems embedded in chloroplast thylakoid membranes are various [[photosynthetic pigment]]s, which absorb and transfer [[light energy]]. The types of pigments found are different in various groups of chloroplasts, and are responsible for a wide variety of chloroplast colorations. Other [[plastid]] types, such as the [[leucoplast]] and the [[chromoplast]], contain little chlorophyll and do not carry out photosynthesis.

<div style="position: relative; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 10px; width: 100px; height: 491px; float: left; <!--border: 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.2) solid;--> box-shadow: 1px 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);">
<div style="position: absolute;" >[[File:Chromatography.jpg|[[Paper chromatography]] of some [[spinach]] leaf extract shows the various pigments present in their chloroplasts.|100px]]</div>
<div style="position: absolute; width: 90px; font-size: 90%; line-height: 120%; margin: 5px;" >[[Paper chromatography]] of some [[spinach]] leaf extract shows the various pigments present in their chloroplasts.</div>

<div style="position:absolute; width:100px; left:0; font-size:90%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; top:245px;">[[Xanthophylls|<span style="color:#e2c000;">'''Xanthophylls'''</span>]]</div>
<div style="position:absolute; width:100px; left:0; font-size:90%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; top:272px;">[[Chlorophyll a|<span style="color:#00bb90;">'''Chlorophyll ''a'''''</span>]]</div>
<div style="position:absolute; width:100px; left:0; font-size:90%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; top:300px;">[[Chlorophyll b|<span style="color:#00bb34;">'''Chlorophyll ''b'''''</span>]]</div>
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==== Chlorophylls ====
[[Chlorophyll a|Chlorophyll ''a'']] is found in all chloroplasts, as well as their [[cyanobacterial]] ancestors. Chlorophyll ''a'' is a [[blue-green]] pigment<ref name="Campbell-2009e">{{cite book | vauthors=Campbell NA, Reece JB, Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman, Minorsky PV, Jackson RB |title=Biology | edition=8th | year=2009 |publisher=Benjamin Cummings (Pearson) | pages=190–193 | isbn=978-0-8053-6844-4 }}</ref> partially responsible for giving most cyanobacteria and chloroplasts their color. Other forms of chlorophyll exist, such as the [[accessory pigments]] [[chlorophyll b|chlorophyll ''b'']], [[Chlorophyll c|chlorophyll ''c'']], [[chlorophyll d|chlorophyll ''d'']],<ref name="Kim-2009" /> and [[chlorophyll f|chlorophyll ''f'']].

[[Chlorophyll b|Chlorophyll ''b'']] is an [[olive green]] pigment found only in the chloroplasts of [[plant]]s, [[green algae]], any secondary chloroplasts obtained through the [[secondary endosymbiosis]] of a green alga, and a few [[cyanobacteria]].<ref name="Kim-2009" /> It is the chlorophylls ''a'' and ''b'' together that make most plant and green algal chloroplasts green.<ref name="Campbell-2009e" />

[[Chlorophyll c|Chlorophyll ''c'']] is mainly found in secondary endosymbiotic chloroplasts that originated from a [[red alga]], although it is not found in chloroplasts of red algae themselves. Chlorophyll ''c'' is also found in some [[green algae]] and [[cyanobacteria]].<ref name="Kim-2009" />

Chlorophylls [[chlorophyll d|''d'']] and [[chlorophyll f|''f'']] are pigments found only in some cyanobacteria.<ref name="Kim-2009" /><ref name="UniSydney-2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.usyd.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=5463|title=Australian scientists discover first new chlorophyll in 60 years|date=20 August 2010|publisher=University of Sydney}}</ref>

==== Carotenoids ====
{{plain image with caption|File:Delesseria sanguinea Helgoland.JPG|''[[Delesseria sanguinea]]'', a [[red alga]], has chloroplasts that contain red pigments like [[phycoerytherin]] that mask their blue-green [[chlorophyll a|chlorophyll ''a'']].<ref name="Campbell-2009f" />|250px|right|bottom|triangle|#aa2040}}

In addition to chlorophylls, another group of [[yellow]]–[[orange (colour)|orange]]<ref name="Campbell-2009e" /> pigments called [[carotenoid]]s are also found in the photosystems. There are about thirty photosynthetic carotenoids.<ref name="Takaichi-2011">{{cite journal | vauthors=Takaichi S | title=Carotenoids in algae: distributions, biosyntheses and functions | journal=Marine Drugs | volume=9 | issue=6 | pages=1101–18 | date=15 June 2011 | pmid=21747749 | pmc=3131562 | doi=10.3390/md9061101 | doi-access=free }}</ref> They help transfer and dissipate excess energy,<ref name="Kim-2009" /> and their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green, like during the [[autumn|fall]], when the leaves of [[Deciduous tree|some land plants]] change color.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shapley|first=Dan| name-list-style=vanc |title=Why Do Leaves Change Color in Fall?|url=http://www.thedailygreen.com/environmental-news/latest/why-do-leaves-change-color-0909|work=News Articles|access-date=21 May 2013|date=15 October 2012}}</ref> [[β-carotene]] is a bright red-orange carotenoid found in nearly all chloroplasts, like [[chlorophyll a|chlorophyll ''a'']].<ref name="Kim-2009" /> [[Xanthophylls]], especially the orange-red [[zeaxanthin]], are also common.<ref name="Takaichi-2011" /> Many other forms of carotenoids exist that are only found in certain groups of chloroplasts.<ref name="Kim-2009" />

==== Phycobilins ====
[[Phycobilin]]s are a third group of pigments found in [[cyanobacteria]], and [[glaucophyte]], [[red algal]], and [[Cryptomonad|cryptophyte]] chloroplasts.<ref name="Kim-2009" /><ref name="Howe-2008">{{cite journal | vauthors=Howe CJ, Barbrook AC, Nisbet RE, Lockhart PJ, Larkum AW | title=The origin of plastids | journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume=363 | issue=1504 | pages=2675–85 | date=August 2008 | pmid=18468982 | pmc=2606771 | doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0050 }}</ref> Phycobilins come in all colors, though [[phycoerytherin]] is one of the pigments that makes many red algae red.<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction to the Rhodophyta|url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/rhodophyta.html|publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology|access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref> Phycobilins often organize into relatively large protein complexes about 40 nanometers across called [[phycobilisome]]s.<ref name="Kim-2009" /> Like [[photosystem I]] and [[ATP synthase]], phycobilisomes jut into the stroma, preventing thylakoid stacking in red algal chloroplasts.<ref name="Kim-2009" /> [[Cryptomonad|Cryptophyte]] chloroplasts and some cyanobacteria don't have their phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes, and keep them in their thylakoid space instead.<ref name="Kim-2009" />

{| cellpadding="4" style="text-align: center; margin-left:auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;"
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| colspan=10 | '''Photosynthetic pigments.''' Presence of pigments across chloroplast groups and cyanobacteria.
Colored cells represent pigment presence. Chl = chlorophyll<ref name="Kim-2009" /><ref name="Takaichi-2011" /><ref name="Howe-2008" />
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| style="border-bottom: 2px solid #00bb90;"| [[Chlorophyll a|<span style="color:#00bb90;">'''Chl&nbsp;''a'''''</span>]]
| style="border-bottom: 2px solid #00bb34;"| [[Chlorophyll b|<span style="color:#00bb34;">'''Chl&nbsp;''b'''''</span>]]
| style="border-bottom: 2px solid #d3cf00;"| [[Chlorophyll c|<span style="color:#d3cf00;">'''Chl&nbsp;''c'''''</span>]]
| style="border-bottom: 2px solid #00d30c; color: #00d30c;"| '''[[Chlorophyll|<span style="color:#00d30c;">Chl</span>]]&nbsp;''[[Chlorophyll d|<span style="color:#00d30c;">d</span>]]'' and ''[[Chlorophyll f|<span style="color:#00d30c;">f</span>]]'''''

| style="border-bottom: 2px solid #e2c000;"| [[Xanthophylls|<span style="color:#e2c000;">'''Xanthophylls'''</span>]]
| style="border-bottom: 2px solid #ff9e00;"| [[Alpha carotene|<span style="color:#ff9e00;">'''α-carotene'''</span>]]
| style="border-bottom: 2px solid #ff6000;"| [[Beta carotene|<span style="color:#ff6000;">'''β-carotene'''</span>]]

| style="border-bottom: 2px solid #ff0040;"| [[Phycobilins|<span style="color:#ff0040;">'''Phycobilins'''</span>]]
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| bgcolor="#ff8700" style="color: #fff;"|'''Phycourobilin'''
| bgcolor="#ff0040" style="color: #fff;"|'''Phycoerythrobilin'''
| bgcolor="#00c4ff" style="color: #fff;"|'''Phycocyanobilin'''
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| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 10px; border-right: 4px solid #24d12b;"| '''[[Land plants|<span style="color:#24d12b;">Land plants</span>]]'''
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| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 10px; border-right: 4px solid #24d16d; color: #24d16d" rowspan="2"| '''[[Euglenophyta|<span style="color:#24d16d;">Euglenophytes</span>]]''' and <br />'''[[Chlorarachniophyta|<span style="color:#24d16d;">Chlorarachniophytes</span>]]'''
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| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 10px; border-right: 4px solid #dc003e;"| '''[[Red algae|<span style="color:#dc003e;">Multicellular red algae</span>]]'''
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| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 10px; border-right: 4px solid #dc0052;"| '''[[Red algae|<span style="color:#dc0052;">Unicellular red algae</span>]]'''
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| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 10px; border-right: 4px solid #b13b00; color: #b13b00" rowspan="2"| '''[[Haptophyta|<span style="color:#b13b00;">Haptophytes</span>]]''' and <br />'''[[Dinophyta|<span style="color:#b13b00;">Dinophytes</span>]]'''
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| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 10px; border-right: 4px solid #ca4300;"| '''[[Cryptomonad|<span style="color:#ca4300;">Cryptophytes</span>]]'''
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| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 10px; border-right: 4px solid #00ca9b;"| '''[[Glaucophytes|<span style="color:#00ca9b;">Glaucophytes</span>]]'''
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| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 10px; border-right: 4px solid #00c9be;"| '''[[Cyanobacteria|<span style="color:#00c9be;">Cyanobacteria</span>]]'''
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