Editing Ainu people (section)

===Works cited===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Batchelor |first=John |author-link=John Batchelor (missionary) |year=1901 |title=The Ainu and their folk-lore |publisher=The Religious Tract Society |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/b29010664}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fitzhugh |first1=William W. |last2=Dubreuil |first2=Chisato O. |year=1999 |title=Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People |publisher=Arctic Studies Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution in association with University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0-96734-290-0 |oclc=42801973 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ainuspiritofnort00wash}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hohmann |first=Skye |year=2008 |title=The Ainu's modern struggle |journal=World Watch |volume=21 |number=6 |pages=18–21 |url=http://www.skyehohmann.com/The%20Ainu's%20Modern%20Struggle.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last=Howell |first=David L. |year=1997 |chapter=The Meiji State and the Logic of Ainu 'Protection' |title=New Directions in the Study of Meiji Japan |pages=612–634 |editor-first=Helen |editor-last=Hardacre |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-9-00410-735-9 |doi=10.1163/9789004644847_049}}
* {{cite journal |last=Howell |first=David L. |date=2004 |title=Making 'Useful Citizens' of Ainu Subjects in Early 20th-Century Japan |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=5–29|doi=10.1017/S002191180400004X |doi-access=free |jstor=4133292 |s2cid=34934412 |issn=0021-9118}}
* {{cite book |last=Howell |first=David L. |year=2005 |title=Geographies of Identity in 19th Century Japan |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-24085-8 |url={{google books URL|0prtzCvKb50C}}}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hudson |first=Mark J. |author-link=Mark J. Hudson |year=1999a |title=Ainu Ethnogenesis and the Northern Fujiwara |journal=Arctic Anthropology |volume=36 |issue=1/2 |pages=73–83 |jstor=40316506}}
* {{cite book |last=Hudson |first=Mark J. |author-link=Mark J. Hudson |date=1999b |title=Ruins of identity: ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |isbn=978-0-8248-6419-4}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hudson |first=Mark J. |author-link=Mark J. Hudson |date=2022 |title=Re-thinking Jōmon and Ainu in Japanese History |journal=[[The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus]] |volume=20 |issue=15 |doi=10.1017/s1557466022019143 |s2cid=251835463 |url=https://apjjf.org/2022/15/Hudson.html |access-date=November 18, 2023|doi-access=free }}
* {{citation |last=Kim |first=Loretta E. |year=2019 |title=Ethnic Chrysalis |publisher=[[Harvard University Asia Center]]}}
* {{cite book |last=King |first=V. |year=2012 |title=The Ainu of Japan: A critical ethnography |publisher=[[Routledge]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Landor |first= Arnold Henry Savage |author-link=Arnold Henry Savage Landor |year=2012 |orig-date=1893 |title=Alone with the Hairy Ainu: or, 3,800 Miles on a Pack Saddle in Yezo and a Cruise to the Kurile Islands |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-10804-941-2}}
* {{cite journal |last=Levin |first=Mark |year=1999 |title=Kayano et al. v. Hokkaido Expropriation Committee: 'The Nibutani Dam Decision' |journal=International Legal Materials |volume=38 |ssrn=1635447 |ssrn-access=free |doi=10.1017/S0020782900013061 |s2cid=164944206}}
* {{cite journal |last=Levin |first=Mark |year=2001 |title=Essential Commodities and Racial Justice: Using Constitutional Protection of Japan's Indigenous Ainu People to Inform Understandings of the United States and Japan |journal=[[New York University Journal of International Law and Politics]] |volume=33 |ssrn=1635451 |ssrn-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last=Levin |first=Mark |year=2008 |title=The Wajin's Whiteness: Law and Race Privilege in Japan |journal=Hōritsu Jihō |volume=80 |number=2 |ssrn=1551462}}
* {{cite book |last=Nakamura |first=Kazuyuki |date=2010 |editor1-last=Kikuchi |editor1-first=Toshihiko |script-title=ja:北東アジアの歴史と文化 |language=ja |title=Hokutō Ajia no rekishi to bunka |trans-title=A history and cultures of Northeast Asia |script-chapter=ja:「北からの蒙古襲来」をめぐる諸問題 |chapter=Kita kara no mōko shūrai wo meguru shōmondai |trans-chapter=Several questions around "the Mongol attack from the north" |publisher=[[Hokkaido University|Hokkaido University Press]] |isbn=978-4-8329-6734-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Nakamura |first=Kazuyuki |date=2012 |editor1-last=Katō |editor1-first=Hirofumi |editor2-last=Suzuki |editor2-first=Kenji |script-title=ja:新しいアイヌ史の構築 : 先史編・古代編・中世編 |language=ja |title=Atarashii Ainu shi no kōchiku: senshi hen, kodai hen, chūsei hen |script-chapter=ja:元・明代の史料にみえるアイヌとアイヌ文化 |chapter=Gen-Mindai no shiryō kara mieru Ainu to Ainu bunka |trans-chapter=The Ainu and Ainu culture from historical records of the Yuan and Ming |publisher=[[Hokkaido University|Hokkaido University Press]] |url=https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/56288 |pages=138–145}}
* {{cite book |last=Nakayama |first=Taisho |year=2015 |title=Japanese Society on Karafuto |series=Voices from the Shifting Russo-Japanese Border: Karafuto / Sakhalin |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-315-75268-6 |url={{google books URL|TnTABgAAQBAJ}} |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{cite book |first=Li |last=Narangoa |year=2014 |title=Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590–2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-16070-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Piłsudski |first=Bronisław |editor-last=Majewicz |editor-first=Alfred F. |date=December 30, 2004 |title=Materials for the Study of the Ainu Language and Folklore 2 |volume=3 |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |isbn=978-3-11-017614-8 |doi=10.1515/9783110895681 |url={{google books URL|NX0W2N8pgWQC}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Poisson |first=Barbara Aoki |year=2002 |title=The Ainu of Japan |publisher=Lerner Publications |location=Minneapolis |isbn=978-0-82254-176-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ainuofjapan00pois}}
* {{cite journal |last=Porter |first=Crystal |date=December 2008 |title=After the Ainu Shinpō: The United Nations and the Indigenous People of Japan |url=https://newvoices.org.au/newvoices/media/JPF-New-Voices-Vol-2.pdf |journal=New Voices |publisher=The Japan Foundation |volume=2 |number= |pages=201–219 |doi=10.21159/nv.02.10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102140455/http://newvoices.org.au/newvoices/media/JPF-New-Voices-Vol-2.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2024}}
* {{cite book |last=Sasaki |first=Shiro |year=1999 |chapter=Trading Brokers and Partners with China, Russia, and Japan |title=Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People |editor1-first=W. W. |editor1-last=Fitzhugh |editor2-first=C. O.|editor2-last=Dubreuil |publisher=Arctic Study Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. |url=https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/ainuspiritofnort00wash}}
* {{cite book |last=Schlesinger |first=Jonathan |year=2017 |title=A World Trimmed with Fur: Wild Things, Pristine Places, and the Natural Fringes of Qing Rule |isbn=978-1-5036-0068-3 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |url={{google books URL|aCKaDQAAQBAJ}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Siddle |first=Richard |year=1996 |title=Race, Resistance, and the Ainu of Japan |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-41513-228-2 |oclc=243850790 |url={{google books URL|W5DKfJsPv2sC}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Sjöberg |first=Katarina |year=1993 |title=The Return of the Ainu: Cultural Mobilization and the Practice of Ethnicity in Japan |series=Studies in Anthropology and History |volume=9 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis#Acquired companies and discontinued imprints|Harwood Academic Publishers]] |location=Switzerland |isbn=978-3-71865-401-7 |doi=10.4324/9781315077130 |url={{google books URL|tePeAQAAQBAJ}}}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Norman |year=2017 |title=Empire and Environment in the Making of Manchuria |publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press]] |isbn=978-0-7748-3290-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Stephan |first=John |year=1971 |title=Sakhalin: a history |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-821550-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Takahashi |first=Chikashi |date=April 18, 2006 |chapter=Inter-Asian competition in the fur market in the 18th and 19th centuries |title=Intra-Asian Trade and the World Market |editor1-last=Latham |editor1-first=A. J. H. |editor2-last=Kawakatsu |editor2-first=Heita |editor2-link=Heita Kawakatsu |series=Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia |publication-place=Abingdon |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-134-19407-0 |url={{google books URL|JcsjAsz6fs8C}} |access-date=March 5, 2024}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Tanaka |first=Sakurako (Sherry) |date=2000 |title=The Ainu of Tsugaru: the indigenous history and shamanism of northern Japan |publisher=[[University of British Columbia]] |language=en |doi=10.14288/1.0076926 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |last=Walker |first=Brett |year=2001 |title=The Conquest of Ainu Lands: Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion, 1590–1800 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-52022-736-1 |oclc=45958211 |url=https://archive.org/details/conquestainuland00walk |url-access=limited}}
* {{cite book |last=Walker |first=Brett L. |year=2006 |title=The Conquest of Ainu Lands: Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion, 1590–1800 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-24834-1|url={{google books URL|D5iOcHB3h5AC}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Zgusta |first=Richard |year=2015 |title=The peoples of Northeast Asia through time: precolonial ethnic and cultural processes along the coast between Hokkaido and the Bering Strait |location=Leiden, Netherlands |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-30043-9 |oclc=912504787}}
{{Refend}}

; Genetic studies
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tokunaga |first1=Katsushi |last2=Ohashi |first2=Jun |last3=Bannai |first3=Makoto |last4=Juji |first4=Takeo |date=September 2001 |title=Genetic link between Asians and native Americans: evidence from HLA genes and haplotypes |journal=[[Human Immunology]] |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=1001–1008 |doi=10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00301-9 |doi-access=free |pmid=11543902}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tajima |first1=Atsushi |last2=Hayami |first2=Masanori |last3=Tokunaga |first3=Katsushi |last4=Juji |first4=Takeo |last5=Matsuo |first5=Masafumi |last6=Marzuki |first6=Sangkot |last7=Omoto |first7=Keiichi |last8=Horai |first8=Satoshi |date=2004 |title=Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages |journal=[[Journal of Human Genetics]] |language=en |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=187–193 |doi=10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x |doi-access=free |pmid=14997363 |s2cid=8174725 |issn=1435-232X}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=Michael F. |last2=Karafet |first2=Tatiana M. |last3=Park |first3=Hwayong |last4=Omoto |first4=Keiichi |last5=Harihara |first5=Shinji |last6=Stoneking |first6=Mark |last7=Horai |first7=Satoshi |date=2006 |title=Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes |journal=[[Journal of Human Genetics]] |language=en |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=47–58 |doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0 |doi-access=free |pmid=16328082 |s2cid=6559289 |issn=1435-232X}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sato |first1=Takehiro |last2=Amano |first2=Tetsuya |last3=Ono |first3=Hiroko |last4=Ishida |first4=Hajime |last5=Kodera |first5=Haruto |last6=Matsumura |first6=Hirofumi |last7=Yoneda |first7=Minoru |last8=Masuda |first8=Ryuichi |date=2009 |title=Mitochondrial DNA haplogrouping of the Okhotsk people based on analysis of ancient DNA: an intermediate of gene flow from the continental Sakhalin people to the Ainu |journal=Anthropological Science |volume=117 |issue=3 |pages=171–180 |doi=10.1537/ase.081202 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/117/3/117_081202/_html/-char/ja/}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Jinam |first1=Timothy A. |last2=Kanzawa-Kiriyama |first2=Hideaki |last3=Inoue |first3=Ituro |last4=Tokunaga |first4=Katsushi |last5=Omoto |first5=Keiichi |last6=Saitou |first6=Naruya |date=October 2015 |title=Unique characteristics of the Ainu population in Northern Japan |journal=[[Journal of Human Genetics]] |language=en |volume=60 |issue=10 |pages=565–571|doi=10.1038/jhg.2015.79|doi-access=free |pmid=26178428 |issn=1435-232X}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Jeong |first1=Choongwon |last2=Nakagome |first2=Shigeki |last3=Di Rienzo |first3=Anna |date=January 2016 |title=Deep History of East Asian Populations Revealed Through Genetic Analysis of the Ainu |journal=[[Genetics (journal)|Genetics]] |volume=202 |issue=1 |pages=261–272|doi=10.1534/genetics.115.178673 |pmid=26500257 |pmc=4701090}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kanzawa-Kiriyama |first1=Hideaki |last2=Jinam |first2=Timothy A. |last3=Kawai |first3=Yosuke |last4=Sato |first4=Takehiro |last5=Hosomichi |first5=Kazuyoshi |last6=Tajima |first6=Atsushi |last7=Adachi |first7=Noboru |last8=Matsumura |first8=Hirofumi |last9=Kryukov |first9=Kirill |last10=Saitou |first10=Naruya |last11=Shinoda |first11=Ken-Ichi |date=2019 |title=Late Jomon male and female genome sequences from the Funadomari site in Hokkaido, Japan |journal=Anthropological Science |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.1537/ase.190415 |doi-access=free|url=http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/42054/1/Late%20Jomon.pdf}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gakuhari |first1=Takashi |last2=Nakagome |first2=Shigeki |last3=Rasmussen |first3=Simon |last4=Allentoft |first4=Morten E. |last5=Sato |first5=Takehiro |last6=Korneliussen |first6=Thorfinn |last7=Chuinneagáin |first7=Blánaid Ní |last8=Matsumae |first8=Hiromi |last9=Koganebuchi |first9=Kae |last10=Schmidt |first10=Ryan |last11=Mizushima |first11=Souichiro |last12=Kondo |first12=Osamu |last13=Shigehara |first13=Nobuo |last14=Yoneda |first14=Minoru |last15=Kimura |first15=Ryosuke |date=August 25, 2020 |title=Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations |journal=[[Communications Biology]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=437 |doi=10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2 |issn=2399-3642 |pmc=7447786 |pmid=32843717}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sato |first1=Takehiro |last2=Adachi |first2=Noboru |last3=Kimura |first3=Ryosuke |last4=Hosomichi |first4=Kazuyoshi |last5=Yoneda |first5=Minoru |last6=Oota |first6=Hiroki |last7=Tajima |first7=Atsushi |last8=Toyoda |first8=Atsushi |last9=Kanzawa-Kiriyama |first9=Hideaki |last10=Matsumae |first10=Hiromi |last11=Koganebuchi |first11=Kae |last12=Shimizu |first12=Kentaro K. |last13=Shinoda |first13=Ken-ichi |last14=Hanihara |first14=Tsunehiko |last15=Weber |first15=Andrzej |date=2021 |title=Whole-Genome Sequencing of a 900-Year-Old Human Skeleton Supports Two Past Migration Events from the Russian Far East to Northern Japan |journal=[[Genome Biology and Evolution]] |volume=13 |issue=9 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evab192 |doi-access=free |issn=1759-6653 |pmc=8449830 |pmid=34410389}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Osada |first1=Naoki |last2=Kawai |first2=Yosuke |date=2021 |title=Exploring models of human migration to the Japanese archipelago using genome-wide genetic data |journal=Anthropological Science |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–58 |doi=10.1537/ase.201215 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Niall P. |last2=Mattiangeli |first2=Valeria |last3=Cassidy |first3=Lara M. |last4=Okazaki |first4=Kenji |last5=Stokes |first5=Caroline A. |last6=Onbe |first6=Shin |last7=Hatakeyama |first7=Satoshi |last8=Machida |first8=Kenichi |last9=Kasai |first9=Kenji |last10=Tomioka |first10=Naoto |last11=Matsumoto |first11=Akihiko |date=2021 |title=Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=7 |issue=38 |pages=eabh2419 |language=en |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh2419 |pmc=8448447 |pmid=34533991 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.2419C}}
{{Refend}}

; Language
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Sean |last2=Hasegawa |first2=Toshikazu |date=April 2013 |title=Evolution of the Ainu Language in Space and Time |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=e62243 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0062243 |doi-access=free |pmid=23638014 |pmc=3637396 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...862243L}}
* {{cite journal |last=Martin |first=Kylie |year=2011 |script-title=ja:特集 超国家的枠組、標準化、ネットワーク化--ヨーロッパ、日本、アフリカの組織的多様性マネージメント |language=ja |title=Tokushū chōkokkateki wakugumi, hyōjunka, nettowāku-ka -- Yōroppa, Nihon, Afurika no soshiki-teki tayō-sei manējimento |trans-title=On the road to Ainu language revitalization |journal=Media and Communication Studies |volume=60 |pages=57–93 |id={{NCID|AA12286697}}}}
* {{cite book |editor1-first=Osahito |editor1-last=Miyaoka |editor2-first=Osamu |editor2-last=Sakiyama |editor3-first=Michael E. |editor3-last=Krauss |date=2007 |title=The Vanishing Languages of the Pacific Rim |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-153289-4 |pages=377–382 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780199266623.001.0001}}
* {{cite book |last=Shibatani |first=Masayoshi |year=1990 |title=The Languages of Japan |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-36918-3 |oclc=19456186 |url={{google books URL|sD-MFTUiPYgC}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Teeter |first1=Jennifer |last2=Okazaki |first2=Takayuki |year=2011 |title=Ainu as a Heritage Language of Japan: History, Current State and Future of Ainu Language Policy and Education |journal=[[Heritage Language Journal]] |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=96–114 |doi=10.46538/hlj.8.2.5 |doi-access=free |id={{ERIC|EJ937154}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Vovin |first=Alexander Vladimirovich |author-link=Alexander Vovin |year=1993 |title=A Reconstruction of Proto-Ainu |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-09905-0 |url={{google books URL|8w1_cCWIpEoC}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Vovin |first=Alexander Vladimirovich |author-link=Alexander Vovin |year=2008 |script-title=ja:萬葉集と風土記に見られる不思議な言葉 と上代日本列島に於けるアイヌ語の分布 |language=ja |title=Man'yōshū to Fudoki ni Mirareru Fushigina Kotoba to Jōdai Nihon Retto ni Okeru Ainugo no Bunpu |trans-title=Strange Words in the ''Man'yoshū'' and the ''Fudoki'' and the Distribution of the Ainu Language in the Japanese Islands in Prehistory |publisher=Kokusai Nihon Bunka Kenkyū Sentā |url=http://www.nichibun.ac.jp/graphicversion/dbase/forum/pdf/fn215.pdf |access-date=March 27, 2011 |archive-date=February 11, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211234350/http://www.nichibun.ac.jp/graphicversion/dbase/forum/pdf/fn215.pdf}}
{{Refend}}