Editing Zeno of Elea (section)

=== Motion and time ===
Zeno's arguments against motion contrast the actual phenomena of happenings and experience with the way that they are described and perceived.{{Sfn|Sanday|2009|p=211}} The exact wording of these arguments has been lost, but descriptions of them survive through [[Aristotle]] in his ''[[Physics (Aristotle)|Physics]]''.{{Sfn|Vlastos|1995|p=248}} Aristotle identified four paradoxes of motion as the most important.{{Sfn|Vamvacas|2009|p=153}} Each paradox has multiple names that it is known by.{{Sfn|Strobach|2013|p=31}}

* ''The dichotomy'', ''the racetrack'', or ''the stadium''{{Sfn|Strobach|2013|p=30}} argues that no distance can be traveled. To cross a certain distance, one must first cross half of that distance, and to cross that distance, one must first cross half of that distance, and so on. This appears to make crossing any distance impossible, as an infinite number of acts are required to do it.{{Sfn|Vamvacas|2009|p=153}} The argument contends that any appearance of movement is simply an illusion.{{Sfn|Strobach|2013|p=34}} It is unknown whether Zeno intended for it to be impossible to start or finish crossing a certain distance.{{Sfn|Palmer|2021}}
* ''Achilles and the tortoise'', or simply ''Achilles'',{{Sfn|Strobach|2013|p=30}} argues that a swift runner such as [[Achilles]] can never catch up to a slow runner, such as a tortoise. Every time Achilles goes to where the tortoise was, the tortoise will have moved ahead, and when Achilles reaches that next point, then the tortoise will have moved ahead again, and so on. This makes it seem that Achilles can never reach the tortoise.{{Sfn|Vamvacas|2009|p=154}} ''The dichotomy'' and ''Achilles'' are two variations of the same argument, and they effectively come to the same conclusions.{{Sfn|Strobach|2013|p=31}}
* ''The flying arrow'', or simply ''the arrow'',{{Sfn|Strobach|2013|p=30}} argues that all objects must be motionless in space. If an arrow is in the air, it is stationary at any given instant by occupying a specific area in space.{{Sfn|Vamvacas|2009|p=154}}
* ''The moving rows'', also sometimes called ''the stadium'',{{Sfn|Strobach|2013|p=30}} argues that periods of time can be both halved and doubled simultaneously. It describes a row of objects passing beside other rows of objects in a stadium. If one of the opposing rows is stationary and the other is moving, then it will take a different amount of time to pass them.{{Sfn|Vamvacas|2009|p=155}}

<gallery mode="packed">
Zeno Dichotomy Paradox alt.png|The dichotomy
Zeno Achilles Paradox.png|Achilles and the tortoise
Zeno Arrow Paradox.png|The flying arrow
Zeno Moving Rows Paradox.png|The moving rows
</gallery>