Editing Zanzibar (section)

=== Sultanate of Zanzibar ===
{{Main|Sultanate of Zanzibar}}
[[File:ZanzibarOmaniRuler.jpg|thumb|left|[[Oman]]i Sultan of Zanzibar]]
[[File:TipputipPortrait.jpg|thumb|left|Zanzibari slave trader [[Tippu Tip]]]]
[[File:The Harem and Tower Harbour of Zanzibar (p.234, 1890) - Copy.jpg|thumb|right|The Harem and Tower Harbour of Zanzibar (p. 234), London Missionary Society<ref name=LMS>{{cite journal |title= The Harem and Tower Harbour of Zanzibar |journal=Chronicles of the London Missionary Society |date=1890 |url= https://archive.org/details/chroniclelondon00unkngoog |access-date=2 November 2015}}</ref>]]

The Portuguese arrived in East Africa in 1498, where they found several independent towns on the coast, with Muslim Arabic-speaking elites. While the Portuguese travellers describe them as "black", they made a clear distinction between the Muslim and non-Muslim populations.<ref>Prestholdt, Jeremy. "Portuguese Conceptual Categories and the ‘Other’ Encounter on the Swahili Coast." Journal of Asian American Studies, Volume 36, Issue 4, 390.</ref> Their relations with these leaders were mostly hostile, but during the sixteenth century, they firmly established their power and ruled with the aid of tributary sultans. The Portuguese presence was relatively limited, leaving administration in the hands of the local leaders and power structures already present. This system lasted until 1631, when the Sultan of Mombasa massacred the Portuguese inhabitants. For the remainder of their rule, the Portuguese appointed European governors. The strangling of trade and diminished local power led the Swahili elites in Mombasa and Zanzibar to invite Omani aristocrats to assist them in driving the Europeans out.<ref name="Eliot">Sir Charles Eliot, K.C.M.G., [https://archive.org/details/eastafricaprotec00eliouoft ''The East Africa Protectorate''], London: Edward Arnold, 1905, digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 ([[PDF]] format).</ref>{{rp| 9}}

In 1698, Zanzibar came under the influence of the [[Oman|Sultanate of Oman]].<ref>N. S. Kharusi, [http://etn.sagepub.com/content/12/3/335 "The ethnic label Zinjibari: Politics and language choice implications among Swahili speakers in Oman"] {{Webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150904033031/http://etn.sagepub.com/content/12/3/335 |date=4 September 2015 }}, ''Ethnicities'', 12(3) 335–53, 2012.</ref> There was a [[Oman–Zanzibar war|brief revolt]] against Omani rule in 1784. Local elites invited Omani merchant princes to settle in Zanzibar in the first half of the nineteenth century, preferring them to the Portuguese. Many locals today continue to emphasise that indigenous Zanzibaris had invited [[Seyyid Said]], the first Busaidi sultan, to their island.<ref name= "meier 103">{{Cite book |last=Meier |first=Sandy Prita |title= Swahili Port Cities: The Architecture of Elsewhere |publisher= Indiana University Press |date=25 April 2016 |location= Bloomington, [[Indiana|IN]] |page =103}}</ref> Claiming a patron{{ndash}}client relationship with powerful families was a strategy used by many Swahili coast towns from at least the fifteenth century.<ref name="meier 103"/>

In 1832<ref name="Ingrams"/>{{rp|page: 162}} or 1840<ref name= "Appiah">{{citation|editor1-last=Appiah|editor2-last=Gates|editor1-link= Kwame Anthony Appiah|editor2-first=Henry Louis Jr.|editor2-link=Henry Louis Gates, Jr. |year=1999 |title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |location=[[New York City|New York]] |isbn= 0-465-00071-1 |oclc=41649745 |url= https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi}}</ref>{{rp|2 045}} (the date varies among sources), [[Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman]] moved his capital from [[Muscat, Oman]] to Stone Town. After Said's death in June 1856, two of his sons, [[Thuwaini bin Said, Sultan of Muscat, and Oman|Thuwaini bin Said]] and [[Majid bin Said of Zanzibar|Majid bin Said]], struggled over the [[order of succession|succession]]. Said's will divided his dominions into two separate [[principality|principalities]], with Thuwaini to become the Sultan of Oman and Majid to become the first [[Sultan of Zanzibar]]; the brothers quarrelled about the will, which was eventually upheld by [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning]], Great Britain's [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-General of India]].<ref name="Ingrams"/>{{rp|pages: 163–4}}<ref name= "Eliot" />{{rp| 22–3}}

[[File:Zanzslgwch.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Zanj]] slave gang in Zanzibar (1889)]]
Until around 1890, the sultans of Zanzibar controlled a substantial portion of the [[Swahili coast]] known as [[Zanj]], which included Mombasa and [[Dar es Salaam]]. Beginning in 1886, Great Britain and Germany agreed to allocate parts of the Zanzibar sultanate for their own empires.<ref name="Appiah"/>{{rp|188}} In October 1886, a British-German border commission established the Zanj as a {{cvt|10|mi|km|adj=mid|-wide}} strip along most of the [[African Great Lakes]] region's coast, an area stretching from [[Cape Delgado]] (now in [[Mozambique]]) to [[Kipini]] (now in [[Kenya]]), including Mombasa and Dar es Salaam. Over the next few years most all of the mainland territory was incorporated into [[German East Africa]].
The sultans developed an economy of trade and [[cash crop]]s in the [[Zanzibar Archipelago]] with a ruling Arab elite. [[Ivory]] was a major trade good. The archipelago, sometimes referred to by locals as the Spice Islands, was famous worldwide for its cloves and other spices, and plantations were established to grow them. The archipelago's commerce gradually fell into the hands of traders from the [[Indian subcontinent]], whom Said bin Sultan encouraged to settle on the islands.
[[File:Zanzibar Slave Market, 1860 - Stocqueler.JPG|thumb|The island of Zanzibar was the center of the [[Indian Ocean slave trade]] in the 19th century]]

During his 14-year reign as sultan, Majid bin Said consolidated his power around the [[East African slave trade]]. Malindi in Zanzibar City was the Swahili Coast's main port for the slave trade with the Middle East. In the mid-19th century, as many as 50,000 slaves passed annually through the port.<ref name="nationalgeographic"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Borders |first=Everett |title=Apart Type Screenplay |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |year=2010 |location= United States of America |page =117}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Many were captives of [[Tippu Tip]], a notorious Arab/Swahili slave trader and ivory merchant. Tip led huge expeditions, some 4,000 strong, into the African hinterland where chiefs sold him their villagers at low prices. These Tip used to carry ivory back to Zanzibar, then sold them in the slave market for large profits. In time, Tip became one of the wealthiest men in Zanzibar, the owner of multiple plantations and 10,000 slaves.<ref name="nationalgeographic">[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html "Swahili Coast: East Africa's Ancient Crossroads"]{{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html |date=19 January 2018 }}, ''Did You Know?'' sidebar by Christy Ullrich, ''National Geographic''.</ref>}}

One of Majid's brothers, [[Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar|Barghash bin Said]], succeeded him, developing [[Unguja]]'s infrastructure.<ref>{{citation |last=Michler |first=Ian |title=Zanzibar: The Insider's Guide |publisher=Struik Publishers |location=Cape Town |year=2007 |edition=2nd |page=137 |isbn= 978-1-77007-014-1 |oclc=165410708}}</ref> Another brother of Majid, [[Khalifah bin Said of Zanzibar|Khalifa bin Said]], was the third sultan of Zanzibar and deepened the relationship with the British, leading to the archipelago's progress towards the abolition of slavery.<ref name="Ingrams"/>