Editing Xylophone (section)

===African xylophone===
[[File:Ogbongelenge.jpg|thumb|African Xylophone also known as Ogbongelenge by the Igbo tribe. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Audiovisuals_of_Igbo_Dances_(AID)_Project AID Project]]]
The term ''marimba'' is also applied to various traditional folk instruments such as the West Africa  ''[[balafon]]''. Early forms were constructed of bars atop a [[gourd]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Annotated Checklist of Musical Instruments From Sub-Saharan Africa on Display in the NMM's Beede Gallery|url=http://orgs.usd.edu/nmm/Africa/SubSaharanAfrica.html|publisher=National Music Museum|access-date=5 June 2015}}</ref> The wood is first roasted around a fire before shaping the key to achieve the desired tone. The resonator is tuned to the key through careful choice of size of resonator, adjustment of the diameter of the mouth of the resonator using wasp wax and adjustment of the height of the key above the resonator. A skilled maker can produce startling amplification. The mallets used to play ''dibinda'' and ''mbila'' have heads made from natural rubber taken from a wild creeping plant.<ref name= answers1>{{cite web|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/music-of-mozambique |title=Music of Mozambique: Information from |publisher=Answers.com |date=25 November 2010 |access-date=2011-11-01}}</ref> "Interlocking" or alternating rhythm features in Eastern African xylophone music such as that of the Makonde ''dimbila'', the Yao ''mangolongondo'' or the Shirima ''mangwilo'' in which the ''opachera'', the initial [[Call and response (music)|caller]], is responded to by another player, the ''wakulela''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica| title= African music – musical structure| url= https://www.britannica.com/art/African-music/Musical-structure#ref519774| first1= Gerhard |last1= Kubik| first2= Donald Keith| last2= Robotham| date= 27 January 2012}}</ref> This usually doubles an already rapid [[pulse (music)|rhythmic pulse]] that may also co-exist with a [[cross-beat|counter-rhythm]].

====Mbila====
[[File:Timbela (musical instrument).jpg|thumb|right|Timbila]]
The mbila (plural "timbila") is associated with the [[Chopi people]] of the [[Inhambane Province]], in southern Mozambique.<ref name= answers1 /> It is not to be confused with the [[mbira]]. The [[musical genre|style]] of music played on it is believed to be the most sophisticated method of composition yet found among preliterate peoples.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mitchell |first=Barry |url=https://theoryofmusic.wordpress.com/page/176/ |title=Theory of Music |publisher=Theoryofmusic.wordpress.com |date=14 January 2008 |access-date=2011-11-01}}</ref> The gourd-resonated, equal-ratio [[heptatonic]]-tuned mbila of [[Mozambique]] is typically played in large ensembles in a choreographed dance, perhaps depicting a historical drama. Ensembles consist of around ten xylophones of three or four sizes. A full orchestra would have two bass instruments called {{Transliteration|cce|gulu}} with three or four wooden keys played standing up using heavy mallets with solid rubber heads, three tenor {{Transliteration|cce|dibinda}}, with ten keys and played seated, and the mbila itself, which has up to nineteen keys of which up to eight may be played simultaneously. The {{Transliteration|cce|gulu}} uses gourds and the {{Transliteration|cce|mbila}} and {{Transliteration|cce|dibinda}} Masala apple shells as resonators. They accompany the dance with long compositions called {{Transliteration|cce|ngomi}} or {{Transliteration|cce|mgodo}} and consist of about 10 pieces of music grouped into 4 separate movements, with an overture, in different [[tempo]]s and styles. The ensemble leader serves as poet, composer, conductor and [[performer]], creating a text, improvising a [[melody]] partially based on the features of the Chopi [[tone language]] and composing a second [[counterpoint|contrapuntal]] line. The musicians of the ensemble partially [[improvisation|improvise]] their parts. The composer then consults with the choreographer of the ceremony and adjustments are made.<ref name="Nettl MPC" /> The longest and most important of these is the "Mzeno" which will include a song telling of an issue of local importance or even making fun of a prominent figure in the community!<ref name= answers1 /> Performers include Eduardo Durão and Venancio Mbande.<ref name= answers1 /><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.pointofdeparture.org/archives/PoD-9/PoD9AfricanHeartbeats.html |title=African Heartbeats |website= pointofdeparture.org |access-date=2011-11-01}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Romney|first=Jonathan|date=5 March 1991|title=Timbila album review|journal=Q Magazine|volume=55|pages=68}}</ref>

====Gyil====
{{Main|Balafon}}
The '''''gyil''''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|pron|ˈ|dʒ|ɪ|l|ə|,_|dʒ|iː|l}}) is a [[pentatonic]] instrument common to the [[Gur languages|Gur]]-speaking populations in [[Ghana]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Mali]] and [[Ivory Coast]] in [[West Africa]]. The Gyil is the primary traditional instrument of the [[Dagara people]] of northern Ghana and Burkina Faso, and of the [[Lobi people|Lobi]] of Ghana, southern Burkina Faso, and [[Ivory Coast]]. The gyil is usually played in pairs, accompanied by a calabash gourd drum called a ''kuor''. It can also be played by one person with the drum and the stick part as accompaniment, or by a soloist. Gyil duets are the traditional music of [[Dagara people|Dagara]] funerals. The instrument is generally played by men, who learn to play while young, however, there is no restriction on gender.

The Gyil's design is similar to the ''Balaba'' or [[Balafon]] used by the [[Mande languages|Mande]]-speaking [[Bambara people|Bambara]], [[Dyula people|Dyula]] and [[Sosso]] peoples further west in southern [[Mali]] and western [[Burkina Faso]], a region that shares many musical traditions with those of northern Ivory Coast and Ghana. It is made with 14 wooden keys of an African hardwood called liga attached to a wooden frame, below which hang [[calabash]] gourds.<ref name= Colter2008>{{cite journal | url= http://contexts.org/articles/winter-2008/harper/ | last = Harper | first = Colter | title = Life, Death, and Music in West Africa | journal = Contexts Magazine | year = 2008 | volume = Winter | pages = 44–51 | doi = 10.1525/ctx.2008.7.1.44 | s2cid = 59623412 }}</ref> Spider web silk covers small holes in the gourds to produce a buzzing sound and antelope sinew and leather are used for the fastenings.<ref name= Colter2008 /> The instrument is played with rubber-headed wooden mallets.

====Silimba====
[[File:Silimba-Zambia.jpg|thumb|right|A ''silimba'' in a Zambian market]]
The '''silimba''' is a xylophone common among the Nkoya and Lozi people of [[Barotseland]], western [[Zambia]].<ref name="ATracey History">{{cite web| last1= Tracey| first1= Andrew| title= Marimbas History|url=http://www.kalimba.co.za/old/marimbahistory.html| website= kalimba.co.za| publisher= Andrew Tracey and Christian Carver|date=26 May 2004}}</ref> The tuned keys are tied atop resonating [[gourds]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/hisgeopeop/people.htm |title=~Zambia~ |newspaper=Zambia Tourism |publisher=Zambiatourism.com |date=21 December 2006 |access-date=2011-11-01}}</ref> Known as shinjimba among the Nkoya, it is used at the Kazanga, a traditional royal ceremony of the Nkoya. The silimba is an essential part of the folk music traditions of the [[Lozi people]] and can be heard at their annual [[Kuomboka]] ceremony. The shilimba is now used in most parts of Zambia.

====Akadinda, amadinda and mbaire====
The '''akadinda''' and the '''amadinda''' are xylophone-like instruments originating in [[Buganda]], in modern-day [[Uganda]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/11339/akadinda|title=akadinda (musical instrument)|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=27 April 2009}}</ref> The amadinda is made of twelve logs which are tuned in a pentatonic scale. It mainly is played by three players. Two players sit opposite of each other and play the same logs in an interlocking technique in a fast tempo. It has no gourd resonators or buzzing tone, two characteristics of many other African xylophones.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/650990/xylophone#ref=ref289735|title=xylophone (musical instrument) |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=25 April 2009}}</ref>

The amadinda was an important instrument at the royal court in Buganda, a Ugandan kingdom. A special type of [[musical notation|notation]] is now used for this xylophone, consisting of numbers for and periods.<ref name="britannica1">{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/719112/African-music/57086/Interlocking#ref=ref519777|title=African music :: Interlocking|encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=25 April 2009}}</ref> as is also the case with the '''embaire''', a type of xylophone originating in southern [[Uganda]].<ref name="britannica1"/>

====Balo====
{{Main|Balafon}}
The '''''balo''''' ('''''balenjeh''''', '''''behlanjeh''''') is used among the [[Mandinka people]] of West Africa. Its keys are mounted on gourds, and struck with mallets with rubber tips. The players typically wear iron cylinders and rings attached to their hands so that they jingle as they play.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/1240|date=5 November 2004|title=The Behlanjeh, the national musical instrument of the Mandingos|publisher=Royal Commonwealth Society Library. Cambridge University Library. University of Cambridge|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627205236/http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/1240|archive-date=27 June 2007}}</ref>