Editing Xhosa language (section)

==Phonology==
[[File:IbalilikaNomathemba.ogg|thumb|Spoken Xhosa]]

===Vowels===
Xhosa has an inventory of ten vowels: {{IPA|[a]}}, {{IPA|[ɛ~e]}}, {{IPA|[i]}}, {{IPA|[ɔ~o]}} and {{IPA|[u]}} written ''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'' and ''u'' in order, all occurring in both [[Long vowel|long]] and [[Short vowel|short]]. The {{IPA|/i/}} vowel is long in the penultimate syllable and short in the last syllable.<ref name="Branford2015">{{cite book |first=William |last=Branford |title=The Elements of English: An Introduction to the Principles of the Study of Language |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAgXCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 |date=3 July 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-42065-1|pages=65–}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ Xhosa vowel phonemes
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Front vowel|Front]]
!colspan=2| [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- class=small
! [[Short vowel|short]]
! [[Long vowel|long]]
! short
! long
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}} {{angbr|i}}
| {{IPA link|iː}} {{angbr|ii}}
| {{IPA link|u}} {{angbr|u}}
| {{IPA link|uː}} {{angbr|uu}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} {{angbr|e}}
| {{IPA link|eː}} {{angbr|ee}}
| {{IPA link|ɔ}} {{angbr|o}}
| {{IPA link|oː}} {{angbr|oo}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|colspan=2|
| {{IPA link|a}} {{angbr|a}}
| {{IPA link|aː}} {{angbr|aa}}
|}

===Tones===
Xhosa is a [[tonal language]] with two inherent [[phoneme|phonemic]] tones: low and high. Tones are rarely marked in the written language, but they can be indicated {{vr|a}} {{IPA|[à]}}, {{vr|á}} {{IPA|[á]}}, {{vr|â}} {{IPA|[áà]}}, {{vr|ä}} {{IPA|[àá]}}. Long vowels are [[phoneme|phonemic]] but are usually not written except for {{vr|â}} and {{vr|ä}}, which are each sequence of two vowels with different tones that are realized as long vowels with contour tones ({{vr|â}} high–low = falling, {{vr|ä}} low–high = rising).

===Consonants===
Xhosa is rich in uncommon [[consonant]]s. Besides [[airstream mechanism|pulmonic eggressive]] sounds, which are found in all spoken languages, it has a series of [[ejective]] stops and one [[implosive]] stop.

It has 18 [[click consonant]]s (in comparison, [[Juǀʼhoan dialect|Juǀʼhoan]], spoken in [[Botswana]] and [[Namibia]], has 48, and [[Taa language|Taa]], with roughly 4,000 speakers in [[Botswana]], has 83). There is a series of six [[dental click]]s, represented by the letter {{vr|c}}, similar to the sound represented in English by "tut-tut" or "tsk-tsk"; a series of six [[alveolar lateral click]]s, represented by the letter {{vr|x}}, similar to the sound used to call horses; and a series of [[postalveolar click|alveolar clicks]], represented by the letter {{vr|q}}, articulated by placing the tongue on the roof of the mouth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ǃ (Post)alveolar {{!}} eNunciate |url=https://enunciate.arts.ubc.ca/%25C7%2583/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241224025030/https://enunciate.arts.ubc.ca/%C7%83/ |archive-date=2024-12-24 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=enunciate.arts.ubc.ca |language=en-US}}</ref>

The following table lists the consonant phonemes of the language, with the pronunciation in [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] on the left and the orthography on the right:

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|- 
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| 
!rowspan=2|[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
!colspan=2|[[Dental consonant|Dental]]/[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
!rowspan=2|[[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
! colspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!rowspan=2|[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- class=small
![[Central consonant|central]]
![[Lateral consonant|lateral]]
![[Central consonant|central]]
![[Lateral consonant|lateral]]
|-
!rowspan=6|[[Click consonant|Click]]
!<small>[[Tenuis consonant|tenuis]]/[[Ejective consonant|ejective]]</small><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jessen |first=Michael |date=2002 |title=An Acoustic Study of Contrasting Plosives and Click Accompaniments in Xhosa |journal=Phonetica |volume=59 |issue=2–3 |pages=150–179 |doi=10.1159/000066068 |pmid=12232465 |s2cid=13216903}}</ref><ref group=note name=ejective>These are variably tenuis pulmonic to ejective; the ejection tends to be weak even when present. With clicks, only the rear articulation is ejective.</ref>
|
|{{IPA link|ᵏǀʼ}} {{grapheme|c}}
|{{IPA link|ᵏǁʼ}} {{grapheme|x}}
|{{IPA link|ᵏǃʼ}} {{grapheme|q}}
|
|
|
|-
!<small>[[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small>
|
|{{IPA link|ᵏǀʰ}} {{grapheme|ch}}
|{{IPA link|ᵏǁʰ}} {{grapheme|xh}}
|{{IPA link|ᵏǃʰ}} {{grapheme|qh}}
|
|
|
|-
!<small>[[slack voice]]</small>
|
|{{IPA link|ᶢ̥ǀʱ}} {{grapheme|gc}}
|{{IPA link|ᶢ̥ǁʱ}} {{grapheme|gx}}
|{{IPA link|ᶢ̥ǃʱ}} {{grapheme|gq}}
|
|
|
|-
!<small>nasal</small>
|
|{{IPA link|ᵑǀ}} {{grapheme|nc}}
|{{IPA link|ᵑǁ}} {{grapheme|nx}}
|{{IPA link|ᵑǃ}} {{grapheme|nq}}
|
|
|
|-
!<small>slack-voice nasal</small><ref group=note>These are analogous to the slack-voice nasals {{grapheme|mh, nh}} etc. They are not prenasalized, as can be seen in words such as {{grapheme|[[umngqokolo]]}} (overtone singing) and {{grapheme|[[umngqusho]]}} in which they are preceded by a nasal.</ref>
|
|{{IPA link|ᵑǀʱ}} {{grapheme|ngc}}
|{{IPA link|ᵑǁʱ}} {{grapheme|ngx}}
|{{IPA link|ᵑǃʱ}} {{grapheme|ngq}}
|
|
|
|-
!<small>prenasalized tenuis/ejective</small><ref>{{Cite book|last=Saul|first=Zandisile|title=Phonemes, Graphemes, and Democracy|publisher=University of KwaZulu-Natal|year=2020|isbn=9781869144388|location=Pietermaritzberg, South Africa|pages=87|language=English}}</ref><ref group="note">Incorrectly described as glottal clicks by {{cite book|last=Nurse|first=Derek|title=The Bantu Languages|page=616}} The isiXhosa clicks are not glottalized nasal clicks like those of Nama; they are prenasalized and tenuis/ejective, as maintained by Xhosa linguists like Saul.</ref>
|
|{{IPA link|ŋᵏǀʼ}} {{grapheme|nkc}}
|{{IPA link|ŋᵏǁʼ}} {{grapheme|nkx}}
|{{IPA link|ŋᵏǃʼ}} {{grapheme|nkq}}
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=4|[[Plosive]]
!<small>[[Tenuis consonant|tenuis]]/[[Ejective consonant|ejective]]</small><ref group=note name=ejective/>
|{{IPA link|pʼ}} {{grapheme|p}}
|{{IPA link|tʼ}} {{grapheme|t}}
|
|{{IPA link|t̠ʲʼ}} {{grapheme|ty}}
|{{IPA link|kʼ}} {{grapheme|k}}
|
|{{IPA link|ʔ}}{{efn|The unwritten glottal stop is present in words like {{lang|xh|uku(ʔ)ayinela}} "to iron", {{lang|xh|uku(ʔ)a(ʔ)aza}} "to stutter", {{lang|xh|uku(ʔ)amza}} "to stall".}}
|-
! <small>[[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small>
|{{IPA link|pʰ}} {{grapheme|ph}}
|{{IPA link|tʰ}} {{grapheme|th}}
|
|{{IPA link|t̠ʲʰ}} {{grapheme|tyh}}
|{{IPA link|kʰ}} {{grapheme|kh}}
|
|
|-
!<small>[[slack voice]]</small>
|{{IPA link|b̥ʱ}} {{grapheme|bh}}
|{{IPA link|d̥ʱ}} {{grapheme|d}}
|
|{{IPA link|d̠̥ʲʱ}} {{grapheme|dy}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ̊ʱ}} {{grapheme|g}}
|
|
|-
!<small>[[Implosive consonant|implosive]]</small>
|{{IPA link|ɓ}} {{grapheme|b}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=3|[[Affricate]]
!<small>[[ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
|
|{{IPA link|tsʼ}} {{grapheme|ts}}
|
|{{IPA link|tʃʼ}} {{grapheme|tsh}}
|{{IPA link|kxʼ}} {{grapheme|kr}}
|{{IPA link|kʟ̥ʼ}} {{grapheme|kl}}{{efn|The onset cluster {{IPA|/kl/}} from phonologized loanwords such as {{lang|xh|ikliniki}} "the clinic" can be realized as a single consonant {{IPA|[kʟ̥ʼ]}}.}}
|
|-
!<small>[[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small>
|
|{{IPA link|tsʰ}} {{grapheme|ths}}
|
|{{IPA link|tʃʰ}} {{grapheme|thsh}}
|{{IPA link|kxʰ}} {{grapheme|krh}}
|
|
|-
!<small>[[slack voice]]</small>
|
|{{IPA link|d̥zʱ}} {{grapheme|dz}}{{efn|Two additional consonants, {{IPA|[dz]}} and {{IPA|[dz̤]}}, are found in loans. Both are spelled {{vr|dz}}, as the sound {{IPA|[d̥zʱ]}}.}}
|
|{{IPA link|d̥ʒʱ}} {{grapheme|j}}
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Fricative]]
!<small>[[voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA link|f}} {{grapheme|f}}
|{{IPA link|s}} {{grapheme|s}}
|{{IPA link|ɬ}} {{grapheme|hl}}
|{{IPA link|ʃ}} {{grapheme|sh}}
|{{IPA link|x}} {{grapheme|rh}}
|
|{{IPA link|h}} {{grapheme|h}}
|-
!<small>[[slack voice]]</small>
|{{IPA link|v̤}} {{grapheme|v}}{{efn|In informal writing, this murmured consonant can sometimes be seen spelled as {{vr|vh}} as in {{lang|xh|ukuvha}}, but this is non-standard.}}
|{{IPA link|z̤}} {{grapheme|z}}
|{{IPA link|ɮ̈}} {{grapheme|dl}}
|{{IPA link|ʒ̈}} {{grapheme|zh}}{{efn|Two additional consonants, {{IPA|[ʒ]}} and {{IPA|[ʒ̈]}}, are found in borrowings. Both are spelled {{vr|zh}}.}}
|{{IPA link|ɣ̈}} {{grapheme|gr}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɦ}} {{grapheme|hh}}
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|fully voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|m}} {{grapheme|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}} {{grapheme|n}}
|
|{{IPA link|n̠ʲ}} {{grapheme|ny}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}} {{grapheme|ngʼ}}
|
|
|-
!<small>[[slack voice]]</small>
|{{IPA link|m̤}} {{grapheme|mh}}
|{{IPA link|n̤}} {{grapheme|nh}}
|
|{{IPA link|n̠̈ʲ}} {{grapheme|nyh}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ̈}} {{grapheme|ngh}}{{efn|An additional consonant, {{IPA|[ŋ̈]}} is found in loans. It is spelled {{vr|ngh}}.}}
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|fully voiced]]</small>
|
|{{IPA link|r}} {{grapheme|r}}{{efn|name=Rnote|Two additional consonants, {{IPA|[r]}} and {{IPA|[r̤]}}, are found in borrowings. Both are spelled {{vr|r}}.}}
|{{IPA link|l}} {{grapheme|l}}
|
|
|
|
|-
!<small>[[breathy voice]]d</small>
|
|{{IPA link|r̤}} {{grapheme|r}}{{efn|name=Rnote}}
|{{IPA link|l̤}} {{grapheme|lh}} 
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Semivowel]]
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|fully voiced]]</small>
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|j}} {{grapheme|y}}{{efn|Sequences of {{IPA|/jw/}} as in {{lang|xh|ukushiywa}} "abandonment" are phonologically realized {{IPA|[ɥ]}}, but this sound is non-phonemic.}}
|{{IPA link|w}} {{grapheme|w}}
|
|
|-
!<small>[[slack voice]]</small>
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|j̤}} {{grapheme|yh}}
|{{IPA link|w̤}} {{grapheme|wh}}
|
|
|}
{{notelist}}

In addition to the ejective affricate {{IPA|[tʃʼ]}}, the spelling {{vr|tsh}} may also be used for either of the aspirated affricates {{IPA|[tsʰ]}} and {{IPA|[tʃʰ]}}.

The breathy voiced glottal fricative {{IPA|[ɦ]}} is sometimes spelled {{vr|h}}.

The ejectives tend to be ejective only in careful pronunciation or in salient positions and, even then, only for some speakers. Otherwise, they tend to be [[tenuis consonant|tenuis]] (plain) stops. Similarly, the tenuis (plain) clicks are often glottalised, with a long [[voice onset time]], but that is uncommon.

The murmured clicks, plosives and affricates are only partially voiced, with the following vowel murmured for some speakers. That is, {{lang|xh|da}} may be pronounced {{IPA|[dʱa̤]}} (or, equivalently, {{IPA|[d̥a̤]}}). They are better described as [[slack voice]]d than as breathy voiced. They are truly voiced only after nasals, but the oral occlusion is then very short in stops, and it usually does not occur at all in clicks. Therefore, the absolute duration of voicing is the same as in tenuis stops. (They may also be voiced between vowels in some speaking styles.) The more notable characteristic is their [[depressor consonant|depressor]] effect on the tone of the syllable.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jessen |first1=Michael |first2=Justus C. |last2=Roux |year=2002 |title=Voice quality differences associated with stops and clicks in Xhosa |journal=[[Journal of Phonetics]] |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=1–52 |doi=10.1006/jpho.2001.0150}}</ref>

====Consonant changes with prenasalisation====
{{Main|Fortition}}
When consonants are [[prenasalized stop|prenasalised]], their pronunciation and spelling may change. The murmur no longer shifts to the following vowel. Fricatives become affricated and, if voiceless, they become ejectives as well: ''mf'' is pronounced {{IPA|[ɱp̪fʼ]}}, ''ndl'' is pronounced {{IPA|[ndɮ]}}, ''n+hl'' becomes ''ntl'' {{IPA|[ntɬʼ]}}, ''n+z'' becomes ''ndz'' {{IPA|[ndz]}}, ''n''+''q'' becomes [n͡ŋǃʼ] ''etc.'' The orthographic ''b'' in ''mb'' is the voiced plosive {{IPA|[mb]}}. Prenasalisation occurs in several contexts, including on roots with the class 9 prefix /iN-/, for example on an adjective which is feature-matching its noun:

/iN- + ɬɛ/ ''→'' intle"beautiful" (of a class 9 word like ''inja'' "dog")

When aspirated clicks ({{vr|ch, xh, qh}}) are prenasalised, the silent letter {{vr|k}} is added ({{vr|nkc, nkx, nkq}}) to prevent confusion with the nasal clicks {{vr|nc, nx, nq}}, and are actually distinct sounds. The prenasalized versions have a very short voicing at the onset which then releases in an ejective, like the prenasalized affricates, while the phonemically nasal clicks have a very long voicing through the consonant. When plain voiceless clicks ({{vr|c, x, q}}) are prenasalized, they become slack voiced nasal ({{vr|ngc, ngx, ngq}}).

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of consonant changes with prenasalisation
! Phoneme
! Prenasalised
!Examples (roots with class 10 /iiN-/ prefix)
! Rule
|-
|{{IPA|/pʰ/}}, {{IPA|/tʰ/}}, {{IPA|/t̠ʲʰ/}}, {{IPA|/kʰ/}}, /ǀʰ/, /ǁʰ/, /ǃʰ/
|[mpʼ], [ntʼ], [n̠t̠ʲʼ], [ŋkʼ], [n̪͡ŋǀʼ], [n͡ŋǁʼ], [n̠͡ŋǃʼ]
|
* ''phumla'' "to rest" ''→ iimpumlo'' "noses"
* ''thetha'' "to speak" ''→ iintetho'' "speeches"
* ''tyhafa'' "to weaken" ''→ iintyafo'' "weaknesses"
* ''khathala'' "care about" ''→ iinkathalo'' "cares"
*''chazela'' "explain" ''→ inkcazelo'' "information"
*''xhasa'' "to support" ''→ inkxaso'' "support"
*''qhuba'' "to drive" ''→ inkqubo'' "process"
| Aspiration is lost on obstruents; ejection is added on voiceless consonant.
|-
|{{IPA|/t̠ʲ/}}
|{{IPA|/n̠d̠ʲ/}}
|
* ''tyeba'' "to be rich" ''→ iindyebo'' "wealths"
| Voiceless palatal plosive becomes voiced.
|-
|{{IPA|/ǀ/}}, {{IPA|/ǁ/}}, {{IPA|/ǃ/}}
|{{IPA|/ŋǀʱ/}}, {{IPA|/ŋǁʱ/}}, {{IPA|/ŋǃʱ/}}
|
* ''ucango'' "door" ''→ iingcango'' "doors"
* ''uxande'' "rectangle" ''→ iingxande'' "rectangles"
* ''uqeqesho'' "training" ''→ iingqeqesho'' "trainings"
| Voiced clicks become slack voiced nasal.
|-
|{{IPA|/kǀʰ/}}, {{IPA|/kǁʰ/}}, {{IPA|/kǃʰ/}}
|{{IPA|/ŋǀʼ/}}, {{IPA|/ŋǁ'/}}, {{IPA|/ŋǃ'/}}
|
* ''chaza'' "to explain" ''→ iinkcazo'' "descriptions"
* ''xhasa'' "to support" ''→ iinkxaso'' "supports"
* ''qhuba'' "to continue" ''→ iinkqubo'' "processes"
| Aspirated clicks become prenasalized ejective clicks.
|-
|{{IPA|/ɓ/}}
|{{IPA|/mb̥ʱ/}}
|
* ''ibali'' "story" ''→ iimbali'' "histories"
| Implosive becomes slack voiced.
|-
|{{IPA|/f/}}, {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/ɬ/}}, {{IPA|/x/}}<br />{{IPA|/v/}}, {{IPA|/z/}}, {{IPA|/ɮ/}}, {{IPA|/ɣ/}}
|{{IPA|[ɱp̪f]}}, {{IPA|/nts/}}, {{IPA|/ntʃ/}}, {{IPA|/ntɬ/}}, {{IPA|/ŋkx/}}<br />{{IPA|[ɱb̪̊vʱ]}}, {{IPA|[nd̥zʱ]}}, {{IPA|[nd̥ɮʱ]}}, {{IPA|[ŋɡ̊ɣʱ]}}?<!-- no examples yet -->
|
* ''fuya'' "to breed" ''→ iimfuyo'' "breeds"
* ''usana'' "child" ''→ iintsana'' "children"
* ''shumayela'' "to preach" ''→ iintshumayelo'' "sermons"
* ''isihloko'' "title" ''→ iintloko'' "heads"
* ''vuma'' "approve" ''→ iimvume'' "approvals"
* ''zama'' "try" ''→ iinzame'' "attempts"
* ''ukudleka'' "wear and tear" ''→ iindleko'' "costs"
| Fricatives become affricates. Only phonemic, and thus reflected orthographically, for {{IPA|/nts/}}, {{IPA|/ntʃ/}}, {{IPA|/ntɬ/}} and {{IPA|/ŋkx/}}.
|-
|{{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/n̠ʲ/}}, {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
{{IPA|/ǀ̃/}}, {{IPA|/ǁ̃/}}, {{IPA|/ǃ̃/}}
|{{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/n̠ʲ/}}, {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
{{IPA|/ǀ̃/}}, {{IPA|/ǁ̃/}}, {{IPA|/ǃ̃/}}
|
* ''umeyile'' "Mr. Mule (as a storybook character) ''→ iimeyile'' "mules"
* ''inoveli'' "novel" ''→ iinoveli'' "novels"
* ''ngena'' "bring in" ''→ ingeniso'' "profit"
* ''unyawo'' "foot" ''→ iinyawo'' "feet"
* ''ncokola'' "to chat" ''→ incoko'' "conversation"
* ''unxweme'' "sea shore" ''→ iinxweme'' "sea shores"
* ''nqula'' "worship" ''→ iinqula'' "adam's apple"
| No change when the following consonant is itself a nasal.
|}

====Consonant changes with palatalisation====

[[Palatalization (sound change)|Palatalisation]] is a change that affects labial consonants whenever they are immediately followed by {{IPA|/j/}}. While palatalisation occurred historically, it is still productive, as is shown by palatalization before the passive suffix /-w/ and before diminutive suffix /-ana/. This process can skip rightwards to non-local syllables (i.e. uku-sebenz-is-el + wa -> ukusetyenziselwa "be used for"), but does not affect morpheme-initial consonants (i.e. uku-bhal+wa -> ukubhalwa "to be written", instead of illicit *ukujalwa). The palatalization process only applies once, as evidenced by ukuphuphumisa+wa -> ukuphuphunyiswa "to be made to overflow", instead of the illicit alternative, *ukuphutshunyiswa.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ List of consonant changes with palatalisation
! Original<br/>consonant
! Palatalised<br/>consonant
! Examples
|-
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|tʃ}}
| style="text-align: left;" |
*''uku-'' + ''kopa'' + ''-wa'' ''→ ukukotshwa'' [ukukot͡ʃʷa] (to be copied)
|-
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA|tʃʰ}}
| style="text-align: left;" |
*''uku-'' + ''phuph'' + ''-wa → ukuphutshwa'' [ukupʰut͡ʃʰʷa] (to be dreamt)
|-
| {{IPA|b̥ʱ}}
| {{IPA|d̥ʒʱ}}
| style="text-align: left;" |
*''uku- + gab + wa → ukugajwa'' [ukuga{{IPA|d̥ʒʱ}}ʷa] (to be thrown up)
|-
| {{IPA|ɓ}}
| {{IPA|t̠ʲ}}
| style="text-align: left;" |
* ''ubu-'' + ''-ala'' → ''utywala'' [ut̠ʲʷala] (alcohol)
*sebenz + -is + -el +wa -> setyenziselwa [set̠ʲenziselwa] (used for)
|-
| {{IPA|m}}
| {{IPA|n̠ʲ}}
| style="text-align: left;" |
*''uku-'' + ''zam + -wa → zanywa'' [ukuzan̠ʲʷa] (to be tried on)
|-
| {{IPA|mp}}
| {{IPA|ntʃ}}
| style="text-align: left;" |
*''uku-'' + ''krwemp'' + ''wa → ukukrwentshwa'' [ukukχʷ'ɛntʃʷa] (to be scratched)
|-
| {{IPA|mb̥ʱ}}
| {{IPA|nd̥ʒʱ}}
| style="text-align: left;" |
*''uku'' + ''bamb'' + ''wa'' ''→ ukubanjwa'' [ukuɓa{{IPA|nd̥ʒʱ}}ʷa] (to be caught)
|}