Editing William Tyndale (section)

===In Europe===
[[File: Tyndale Bible - Gospel of John.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|The beginning of the [[Gospel of John]], from Tyndale's 1525 translation of the New Testament.]]

Tyndale left England for continental Europe, perhaps at [[Hamburg]], in the spring of 1524, possibly traveling on to [[Wittenberg]]. There is an entry in the matriculation registers of the University of Wittenberg of the name "Guillelmus Daltici ex Anglia", and this has been taken to be a Latinisation of "William Tyndale from England".{{sfn|Samworth|2010}} He began translating the New Testament at this time, possibly in Wittenberg, completing it in 1525 with assistance from [[Franciscans|Observant Friar]] William Roy.

[[File:Vertigo_Antwerpen_-1_entrance_room.jpg|thumb|upright|right|A former underground smuggler's cellar in Antwerp]]
In 1525 the publication of the work by Peter Quentell in [[Cologne]] was interrupted by the impact of anti-[[Lutheranism]]. A full edition of the New Testament was produced in 1526 by printer [[Peter Schöffer the Younger]] in [[Worms, Germany|Worms]], a [[free imperial city]] then in the process of adopting Lutheranism.{{sfn|Cochlaeus|1549|p=134}} More copies were soon printed in [[Antwerp]]. It was smuggled from continental Europe into England and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] by putting pages in between other legal books.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} The [[Censorship of the Bible|translation was condemned]] in October 1526 by Bishop Tunstall, who issued warnings to booksellers, bought all the available copies, and had them burned in public.{{sfn|Ackroyd|1999|p=270}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/more.2008.45.3.9|title='Them that furiously burn all truth': The Impact of Bible-Burning on William Tyndale's Understanding of his Translation Project and Identity|last=Pardue|first=Bradly C.|journal=Moreana |date=Feb 2017|issue=3 |pages=147–160 |doi=10.3366/more.2008.45.3.9 }}</ref> Marius notes that the "spectacle of the scriptures being put to the torch... provoked controversy even amongst the faithful."{{sfn|Ackroyd|1999|p=270}} [[Thomas Wolsey|Cardinal Wolsey]] condemned Tyndale as a heretic, first stated in open court in January 1529.{{Sfn |Moynahan |2003 |p=177}}

From an entry in [[George Spalatin]]'s diary for 11 August 1526, Tyndale remained at Worms for about a year. It is not clear exactly when he moved to Antwerp. Here he stayed at the house of [[Thomas Poyntz (merchant)|Thomas Poyntz]]. The [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]] to Tyndale's translation of [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] and the title pages of several pamphlets from this time purported to have been printed by [[Hans Lufft]] at [[Marburg]], but this is a false address. Lufft, the printer of Luther's books, never had a printing press at Marburg.<ref>{{Citation |type=biography |language=de |contribution-url=https://sites.google.com/site/tyndaledeutsch/tyndale-biografie/antwerpen-hamburg-antwerpen |title=Tyndale |contribution=Antwerpen, Hamburg, Antwerpen |access-date=8 June 2013 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017090230/https://sites.google.com/site/tyndaledeutsch/tyndale-biografie/antwerpen-hamburg-antwerpen |url-status=dead }}.</ref>

Henry VIII asked Emperor Charles V to have the writer apprehended and returned to England under the terms of the [[War of the League of Cognac|Treaty of Cambrai]]; however, the emperor responded that formal evidence was required before extradition.{{efn| "Henry claimed that Tyndale was spreading sedition, but the Emperor expressed his doubts and argued that he must examine the case and discover proof of the English King's assertion before delivering the wanted man."{{sfn|Bellamy|1979|p=89}} }} In 1531 he asked [[Stephen Vaughan (merchant)|Stephen Vaughan]] to persuade Tyndale to retract his heretical opinions and return to England. Vaughan tried to persuade Tyndale, and forwarded copies of his books, but this did not satisfy the king.

Tyndale developed his case in ''An Answer unto Sir Thomas More's Dialogue''.{{sfn|Tyndale|1850|p=}}

====Opposition to Henry VIII's annulment====
[[File: Bust Of William Tyndale.jpg|thumb|upright|Sculpted Head of William Tyndale from [[St Dunstan-in-the-West]] Church, London]]
In 1530, from exile, he wrote ''The Practice of Prelates'', opposing Henry VIII's desire to secure the [[annulment]] of his marriage to [[Catherine of Aragon]] in favour of [[Anne Boleyn]], on the grounds that it was unscriptural and that it was a plot by [[Thomas Wolsey|Cardinal Wolsey]] to get Henry entangled in the papal courts of [[Pope Clement VII]].{{sfn|Bourgoin|1998}}{{efn|"...English kings on one side and the wicked popes and English bishops on the other. Cardinal Wolsey embodies the culmination of centuries of conspiracy, and Tyndale's hatred of Wolsey is so nearly boundless that it seems pathological."{{sfn|Marius|1999|p=388}} }}

Historian Bruce Boehrer writes that for Tyndale the issue related to the perspicacity of literal scripture: "I suspect he (Tyndale) undercut the arguments of both Church and King because he found both to be based upon an objectionable premise: that the word of God should be subject to the final arbitrament of a single man."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boehrer |first1=Bruce |title=Tyndale's "The Practyse of Prelates": Reformation Doctrine and the Royal Supremacy |journal=Renaissance and Reformation / Renaissance et Réforme |date=1986 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=257–276 |jstor=43444594 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43444594 |issn=0034-429X}}</ref>

====Betrayal and death====
Eventually, Tyndale was betrayed by Henry Phillips{{sfn|Edwards|1987}} to ducal authorities representing the [[Holy Roman Empire]].<ref>{{Citation |contribution=Tyndale |contribution-url=http://www.bible-researcher.com/tyndale4.html |title=Bible researcher}}</ref> He was seized in [[Antwerp]] in 1535, and held in the castle of Vilvoorde (Filford) near [[Brussels]].{{Sfn |Foxe |1570 |p=[http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/johnfoxe/main/8_1570_1228.jsp VIII.1228]}} [[File:William Tyndale- Letter from His Prison Cell..webm|thumb|Tyndale writes from his cell in 1535; in the original Latin with English subtitles]]

Following the insurrections of the [[Albigensians]], the [[Lollards]], the [[Hussites]], the [[German Peasants' War]], the [[Münster rebellion|Münster Anabaptist rebellion]], etc., [[Heresy in Christianity#High Middle Ages (800–1299) and Late Middle Ages and the early Renaissance (1300–1520)|heresy]] was connected by states with [[sedition]] and possible [[regicide]]; it carried, at worst, the terrible death penalty of burning at the stake.  The Church could usually protect someone accused of heresy from being charged by the [[secular arm|state]], if that person satisfied the appointed theologian Inquisitor, in a formal process, that they did not (now) hold heretical views.

[[File:Ioan Latomus Francf Dec Theol et Hist (BM 1871,1209.5616).jpg|thumb|left|Latomus]]In Tyndale's case, he was held in prison for a year and a half: his [[Inquisition|Roman Catholic inquisitor]], [[Jacobus Latomus]], gave him the opportunity to write a book stating his views; Latomus wrote a book in response to convince him of his errors; Tyndale wrote two in reply; Latomus wrote two further books in response to Tyndale. Latomus' three books were subsequently published as one volume: in these it can be seen that the discussion on heresy revolves around the contents of three other books Tyndale had written on topics like justification by faith, free will, the denial of the soul, and so on. See [[#Latomus' report of Tyndale's beliefs|Latomus' report of Tyndale's beliefs]] below.  Latomus makes no mention of Bible translation; indeed, it seems that in prison, Tyndale was allowed to continue making translations from the Hebrew.<ref name=health>{{cite book | last =Juhász | first = Gergely |author2=Paul Arblaster | editor = Johan Leemans | title = More Than a Memory: The Discourse of Martyrdom and the Construction of Christian Identity in the History of Christianity | chapter = Can Translating the Bible Be Bad for Your Health?: William Tyndale and the Falsification of Memory | publisher = Peeters Publishers | year = 2005 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mfZlsUVYClwC | isbn = 90-429-1688-5}}</ref>  [[Thomas Cromwell]] was involved in some intercession or plans such as extradition.<ref name=Schofield>{{cite book |last1=Schofield |first1=John |title=The Rise and Fall of Thomas Cromwell: Henry VIII's Most Faithful Servant |date=2011 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0-7524-7292-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0Q7AwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|220}}

[[File: Foxe's Book of Martyrs - Tyndale.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Tyndale, before being strangled and burned at the stake in [[Vilvoorde]], cries out, "Lord, open the King of England's eyes". [[Woodcut]] from [[John Foxe|Foxe's]] ''[[Book of Martyrs]]'' (1563) which is the earliest source of the quote.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rex |first1=Richard |title=The Religion of Henry Viii |journal=The Historical Journal |date=2014 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X13000368 |jstor=24528908 |s2cid=159664113 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24528908 |issn=0018-246X}}</ref>{{rp|32}}]]
When Tyndale could not be convinced to abjure, he was handed over to the Brabantine [[secular arm]] and tried on charges of [[Lutheran]] heresy in 1536. The charges did not mention Bible translation, which was not illegal in the Netherlands.<ref name="health"/>{{rp|317,321}}

He was found guilty by his own admission and condemned to be executed. Tyndale "was strangled to death{{efn|This was the custom in Flanders, a mercy. {{cite book |last1=Schofield |first1=John |title=The Rise and Fall of Thomas Cromwell: Henry VIII's Most Faithful Servant |date=2011 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0-7524-7292-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0Q7AwAAQBAJ |language=en}}{{rp|220}} }} while tied at the stake, and then his dead body was burned".{{sfn|Farris|2007|p=37}} His final words, spoken "at the stake with a fervent zeal, and a loud voice", were reported later as "Lord! Open the King of England's eyes."{{Sfn |Foxe |1570 |p=[http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/johnfoxe/main/8_1570_1229.jsp VIII. 1229]}}{{sfn|Daniell|2001|p=383}} The traditional date of commemoration is 6 October, but records of Tyndale's imprisonment suggest that the actual date of his execution was some weeks earlier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tyndale.org/TSJ/25/arblaster.html|title=An Error of Dates?|last=Arblaster|first=Paul|year=2002|access-date=7 October 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021257/http://www.tyndale.org/TSJ/25/arblaster.html|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> Foxe gives 6 October as the date of commemoration (left-hand date column), but gives no date of death (right-hand date column).{{Sfn |Foxe |1570 |p=[http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/johnfoxe/main/8_1570_1228.jsp VIII.1228]}} Biographer David Daniell states his date of death only as "one of the first days of October 1536".{{sfn|Daniell|2001|p=383}}

====Sequelae====
Within four years of Tyndale's death, a sequence of four [[Bible translations into English|English translations of the Bible]] were published in England at the king's behest, revising Tyndale's versions of the New Testament and Pentateuch with various objectionable features removed: [[Miles Coverdale]]'s, [[Matthew Bible|Thomas Matthew]]'s, [[Richard Taverner]]'s, and the [[Great Bible]].{{sfn|Hamlin|Jones|2010|p=336}}