Editing West Nile fever (section)

====Vertical transmission====
[[Vertical transmission]], the transmission of a viral or bacterial disease from the female of the species to her offspring, has been observed in various West Nile virus studies, amongst different species of mosquitoes in both the laboratory and in nature.<ref>{{cite journal | first = LM | last = Bugbee |author2=Forte LR  |date=September 2004 | title = The discovery of West Nile virus in overwintering ''Culex pipiens'' (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania|journal = Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 326–7 | pmid = 15532939}}</ref> Mosquito progeny infected vertically in autumn may potentially serve as a mechanism for WNV to overwinter and initiate [[enzootic]] [[Horizontal disease transmission|horizontal]] transmission the following spring, although it likely plays little role in transmission in the summer and fall.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Goddard LB, Roth AE, Reisen WK, Scott TW |title=Vertical transmission of West Nile Virus by three California Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) species |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=743–6 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14765647 |doi=10.1603/0022-2585-40.6.743 |doi-access=free }}</ref>