Editing Wahhabism (section)

=== Wahhabism and Salafism ===
There is considerable confusion between Wahhabism and [[Salafism]], but many scholars and critics draw clear distinctions between the two terms. According to analyst Christopher M. Blanchard, Wahhabism refers to "a conservative Islamic creed centered in and emanating from Saudi Arabia", while Salafism is "a more general puritanical Islamic movement that has developed independently at various times and in various places in the Islamic world".<ref name="CRS08" /> However, many view Wahhabism as the Salafism native to Arabia.<ref>{{cite news |last=Murphy |first=Caryle |date=5 September 2006 |title=For conservative Muslims, goal of isolation a challenge |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/04/AR2006090401107_pf.html |access-date=17 September 2017 |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210210234500/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/04/AR2006090401107_pf.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Ahmad Moussalli tends to agree Wahhabism is a subset of Salafism, saying "As a rule, all ''Wahhabis'' are ''salafists'', but not all ''salafists'' are ''Wahhabis''."<ref name="Moussalli" /> Quintan Wiktorowicz asserts modern Salafists consider the 18th-century scholar Muhammed bin 'Abd al-Wahhab and many of his students to have been Salafis.{{sfn|Wiktorowicz|2006|p=216}}

According to Joas Wagemakers, associate professor of Islamic and Arabic Studies at [[Utrecht University]], ''Salafism'' consists of broad movements of [[Muslims]] across the world who aspire to live according to the precedents of the ''[[Salaf|Salaf al-Salih]]''; whereas ''"Wahhabism"'' – a term rejected by its adherents – refers to the specific brand of reformation (''[[islah]]'') campaign that was initiated by the 18th&nbsp;century scholar [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab|Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab]] and evolved through his subsequent disciples in the central Arabian region of Najd.{{Efn|
* {{Cite book |last=W. Brown |first=Daniel |title=A New Introduction to Islam: Second Edition |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |date=2009 |isbn=9781405158077 |location=Malden, Massachusetts |page=245}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ahmad Khan |translator-last=Jones |first=Mu'Īnuddīn |translator-first=Harford |title=A Diplomat's Report on Wahhabism of Arabia |date=March 1968 |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=33–46 |jstor=20832903}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mattar |first=Philip |title=Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa |edition=2nd |publisher=Thomson Gale |date=2004 |isbn=0028659872 |location=Farmington Hills, Michigan |page=1625}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Agoston |last2=Masters |first1=Gabor |first2=Bruce |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |publisher=Facts on File |date=2009 |isbn=9780816062591 |location=New York |pages=587–588}}}} Despite their relations with Wahhabi Muslims of Najd; other Salafis have often differed theologically with the Wahhabis and hence do not identify with them. These included significant contentions with Wahhabis over their unduly harsh enforcement of their beliefs, their lack of tolerance towards other Muslims and their deficient commitment to their stated opposition to ''[[taqlid]]'' and advocacy of ''[[ijtihad]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wagemakers |first=Joas |date=2010 |title=A Quietist Jihadi: The ideology and influence of Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi |location=New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781107022072 |pages=6–7}}</ref>

In doctrines of ''[[Aqidah|<nowiki/>'Aqida]]'' (creed), Wahhabis and Salafis resemble each other; particularly in their focus on ''[[Tawhid]]''. However, the ''Muwahidun'' movement historically were concerned primarily about ''Tawhid al-Rububiyya'' (Oneness of Lordship) and ''Tawhid al-Uloohiyya'' (Oneness of Worship) while the ''Salafiyya'' movement placed an additional emphasis on ''Tawhid al-Asma wa Sifat'' (Oneness of Divine Names and Attributes); with a literal understanding of God's Names and Attributes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mandaville |first=Peter |date=2022 |chapter=2: Wahhabism and Salafism in global perspective |title=Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780197532577 |page=43}}</ref>