Editing Venice (section)

=== Modern age ===
{{Wide image|Panorama of Venice 1870s.jpg|3000px|align-cap=center|1870s panoramic view of Venice}}

The Republic of Venice lost its independence when [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] conquered Venice on 12 May 1797 during the [[War of the First Coalition]]. Napoleon was seen as something of a liberator by the city's Jewish population. He removed the gates of the [[Venetian Ghetto|Ghetto]] and ended the restrictions on when and where Jews could live and travel in the city.

Venice became Austrian territory when Napoleon signed the [[Treaty of Campo Formio]] on 12 October 1797. The Austrians took control of the city on 18 January 1798. Venice was taken from Austria by the [[Treaty of Pressburg (1805)|Treaty of Pressburg]] in 1805 and became part of [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy]]. It was returned to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, when it became part of the Austrian-held [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]]. In 1848 a revolt briefly re-established the [[Repubblica di San Marco|Venetian republic]] under [[Daniele Manin]], but this was crushed in 1849. In 1866, after the [[Third Italian War of Independence]], Venice, along with the rest of the Veneto, became part of the newly created [[Kingdom of Italy]].

From the middle of the 18th century, [[Trieste]] and papal [[Ancona]], both of which became free ports, competed with Venice more and more economically. Habsburg Trieste in particular boomed and increasingly served trade via the [[Suez Canal]], which opened in 1869, between Asia and Central Europe, while Venice very quickly lost its competitive edge and commercial strength.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kretschmayr |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Kretschmayr |title=Geschichte von Venedig |volume=3 |date=2017 |page=450}}</ref>

[[File:View of the Grand Canal from Rialto to Ca'Foscari.jpg|thumb|[[Grand Canal (Venice)|Grand Canal]] from Rialto to Ca' Foscari (2016)]]

During [[World War II]], the historic city was largely free from attack, the only aggressive effort of note being [[Operation Bowler]], a successful [[Royal Air Force]] precision strike on the German naval operations in the city in March 1945. The targets were destroyed with virtually no architectural damage inflicted on the city itself.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1508776/Group-Captain-George-Westlake.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1508776/Group-Captain-George-Westlake.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |title=Group Captain George Westlake |date=26 January 2006 |access-date=13 June 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> However, the industrial areas in Mestre and Marghera and the railway lines to Padua, Trieste, and Trento were [[Oil Campaign chronology of World War II|repeatedly bombed]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Patrick G. Skelly, Pocasset MA |url=http://www.milhist.net/usaaf/mto.html |title=US Army Air Force Operations Mediterranean Theater |website=Mil Hist |date=6 May 2005 |access-date=27 July 2010 |archive-date=23 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823215910/http://www.milhist.net/usaaf/mto.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 29 April 1945, a force of [[British military|British]] and [[2nd New Zealand Division|New Zealand]] troops of the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British Eighth Army]], under Lieutenant General [[Bernard Freyberg|Freyberg]], liberated Venice, which had been a hotbed of anti-Mussolini Italian partisan activity.<ref>{{cite book |title=After Hitler: The Last Days of the Second World War in Europe |first=Michael |last=Jones |date=2015 |page= |publisher=John Murray Press |isbn=9781848544970}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Patrick G. Skelly, Pocasset MA |url=http://www.milhist.net/history/onemoreriver.html |title=New Zealand troops relieve Venice |website=Mil Hist |date=21 July 1945 |access-date=28 March 2009 |archive-date=21 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921053626/http://www.milhist.net/history/onemoreriver.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Venice was listed as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 1987, inscribing it as "Venice and its Lagoon".