Editing Valladolid (section)

== History ==

{{for timeline}}

=== Precedents ===

{{Superimpose
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  | base_caption = Ethnographic distribution of the [[Vaccaei]] in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] circa [[200 BC]].
  | float = Red pog.svg
  | float_caption = Current day location of Valladolid
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The [[Vaccaei]] were a [[Celtic tribe]], the first people documented as a stable presence on the sector of the middle valley of the [[Douro|River Duero]].

Remains of [[Celtiberians|Celtiberian]] and of a [[ancient Rome|Roman]] camp have been excavated near the city. The nucleus of the city was originally located in the area of the current San Miguel y el Rosarillo square and was surrounded by a [[palisade]]. Proofs of the existence of three ancient lines of walls have been found.

After the Muslim invasion in Spain in 711, the Christian kings moved the population of the Douro basin into more easily defended areas and deliberately created a [[no man's land]] as a buffer zone against Muslims from the south, which barely had presence in the area. The area was reconquered by [[Alfonso I of Asturias|Alfonso I]] in the eighth century, but because of it being close to the borders it had small population until the X century, when the Douro basin was secured by the Christians after the [[battle of Simancas]].

=== Repopulation and growth ===

[[File:Conde Ansúrez y Eylo Círculo de Recreo.jpg|thumb|right|Historicist early 20th century mural painting by [[Eugenio Oliva]], depicting a meeting of Ansúrez, Eylo and other people in Valladolid]]
In 1072 [[Alfonso VI of León and Castile]] gifted the Lordship of Valladolid to Count [[Pedro Ansúrez]]. Entrusted with the repopulation of the area, Ansúrez led the foundation of Valladolid along with his wife {{ill|Eylo Alfónsez|es|Eylo Alfonso}}.{{Sfn|Martínez Martín|2006|pp=374–375}} By 1084 the project for the foundation of the settlement was already underway.{{Sfn|Martínez Martín|2006|p=375}} Ansúrez built a palace (now lost) and La Antigua church.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} Eylo founded three hospitals and the Churches of San Sebastián and San Nicolás.{{Sfn|Martín López|2016|p=123}} Both co-founded the church of Santa María.{{Sfn|Martín López|2016|p=123}} Valladolid was repopulated by people from the lands of [[Carrión de los Condes|Carrión]] and [[Saldaña, Palencia|Saldaña]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20180928/452063509039/de-anonimato-a-ciudad-prospera-valladolid-evocara-900-anos-de-su-repoblacion.html|website=[[La Vanguardia]]|title=De anonimato a ciudad próspera, Valladolid evocará 900 años de su repoblación|date=28 September 2018}}</ref>

In the 12th and 13th centuries, Valladolid grew rapidly, favoured by the commercial privileges granted by the kings [[Alfonso VIII of Castile|Alfonso VIII]] and [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

=== Early modern period ===

In 1469, Queen [[Isabella I of Castile]] and King [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] were married in the city; by the 15th century Valladolid was the residence of the [[kings of Castile]].{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} In 1506, [[Christopher Columbus]] died in Valladolid "still convinced that he had reached the Indies"<ref>Roger Crowley. ''Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire''. NY: Random House, 2015, p. 161</ref> in a house that is now a museum dedicated to him.

From 1554 to 1559, [[Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal|Joanna of Austria]], sister of [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]], served as [[regent]], establishing herself in Valladolid,{{Sfn|Caballero Romero|2015|p=81}} with the latter becoming the political center of the [[Habsburg Spain|Hispanic Monarchy]] by that time.{{Sfn|Moreno|2018|pp=181–197}} She favoured the [[Ruy Gómez de Silva|Ebolist Party]], one of the two leading factions of the Court of Philip II, in competition with the ''[[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel|albistas]]''.{{Sfn|Caballero Romero|2015|p=81}} The [[Reformation]] took hold in some parts of the city where Protestant circles appeared presumably around the leading figure of [[Augustino de Cazalla]], an adviser of Joanna.{{Sfn|Moreno|2018|pp=181–197}} Ensuing ''[[Auto-da-fé|autos de fe]]'' against the Protestant sects took place in 1559 in Valladolid.{{Sfn|Moreno|2018|pp=181–197}} A catastrophic fire in 1561 destroyed a portion of the city.{{Sfn|Gutiérrez Alonso|1986|p=11}}

During 1550–1551 the town held the [[Valladolid debate|first moral debate in European history]] to discuss the rights and treatment of the [[Indigenous people of the Americas|indigenous people]] by conquerors.

[[File:Braun Valladolid UBHD.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.8|''Vallisoletum'', 1574, by [[Georg Braun|Braun]] and Hogenberg]]
<!--[[File: Torneo en la Plaza Mayor grande.jpg|thumb|right|'A [[jousting]] tournament in the main square of Valladolid', ceiling preserved in Madrid's [[Museo del Prado]].]]-->

Valladolid was granted the status of city in 1596, also becoming a [[bishopric]].{{Sfn|Vega García-Luengos|1997|p=207}}

[[File:Fundación Joaquín Díaz - Iglesia de San Pablo. Fachada - Valladolid (2).jpg|thumb|upright|Old postcard of the gothic [[Iglesia de San Pablo, Valladolid|Church of San Pablo]], c. 1900.]]

In the midst of the reign of [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]], Valladolid briefly served as the capital of the Hispanic Monarchy between 1601 and 1606 under the auspice of the [[Duke of Lerma]], ''[[Favourite|valido]]'' of [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]]. Lerma and his network had bought plots in Valladolid before in order to sell those to the Crown.<ref name=mdo>{{Cite web|url=https://www.madridiario.es/466316/duque-lerma-corrupcion-inmobiliaria|website=Madridiario|title=El Duque de Lerma, precursor de la corrupción Inmobiliaria en España|date=26 March 2019}}</ref> Promoted by Lerma, the decision on moving the capital from Madrid to Valladolid has been portrayed as case of a (double) real estate speculative scheme, as Lerma had bought housing in Madrid as the prices plummeted when the capital was moved from the city.<ref name=xlsemanal /><ref name=mdo /> After a plague in Valladolid, Lerma suggested the King to go back to Madrid, earning a hefty profit when the royal court returned and prices went up again.<ref name=xlsemanal>{{Cite web|url=https://www.xlsemanal.com/conocer/historia/20180409/duque-de-lerma-felipe-iii-corte-valladolid-corrupcion.html|website=Xlsemanal|date=9 April 2018|title=¿Cómo dio el 'pelotazo' el Duque de Lerma?}}</ref><ref name=mdo />

The city was again damaged by a flood of the rivers Pisuerga and Esgueva.

=== Contemporary history ===
[[File:Fundación Joaquín Díaz - Paseo Zorrilla - Valladolid.jpg|thumb|left|The Paseo de Zorrilla in the 1970s]]

From 1950 onwards Valladolid became an important industrial centre.{{Sfn|Díez Abad|2004|p=642}} This was the context in which companies such as ENDASA (1950), [[FASA-Renault|FASA]] (1954), TECNAUTO (1956) and [[Sava (Spain)|SAVA]] (1957) were created.{{Sfn|Díez Abad|2004|p=643}} The city was declared as a ''Polo de Desarrollo Industrial'' ("Pole for Industrial Development") in 1964.{{Sfn|Díez Abad|2004|p=643}} During the 1960 and early 1970s the city attracted many immigrants, chiefly coming from the province of Valladolid and neighbouring provinces.{{Sfn|Díez Abad|2004|p=643}} The city started to expand across the western bank of the Pisuerga in the early 1960s.{{Sfn|Ruiz|2013}}

[[File:Cupula del Milenio.jpg|thumb|{{ill|Cúpula del Milenio|es|Cúpula del Milenio}}]]

In the context of the fraught process for the creation of the [[autonomous community]] of [[Castile and León]] (completed in 1983), Valladolid vied for the condition of regional capital, competing with other cities, most notably creating a sense of ''antagonism'' with [[Burgos]].{{Sfn|Malveille|2004|p=259}} Although the capital was not explicitly enshrined in the {{ill|Statute of autonomy of Castile and León|es|Estatuto de Autonomía de Castilla y León|lt=region's statute of autonomy}} from 1983,{{Sfn|Calderón Calderón|García Cuesta|2014|p=100}} Valladolid was designated in 1987 as the ''de jure'' seat of the executive and legislative institutions (the [[Junta of Castile and León]] and the [[Cortes of Castile and León]]).{{Sfn|Calderón Calderón|García Cuesta|2014|p=100}}

25 June 2024, the church de la Vera Cruz built in 1581 broke down, causing dust to encircle the whole city. This accident was supposedly due to renovation works.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/spain/el-pais-nacional-1244/20240722/282063397208839|title=Los pasos de la caída de la Vera Cruz|via=Press Reader}}</ref>

===Jewish History===
Historically, a [[Jewish community]] existed in Valladolid. There was most likely Jewish life in Valladolid during the Arab period, but the first documentation where Jews are mentioned as living in the city dates to 1221. In 1288, [[Sancho IV of Castile|Sancho IV]] prohibited Jews from acquiring land in Valladolid and the surrounding area. In 1322, Christians were prohibited from being treated by Jewish doctors, and could not attend Jewish or Moorish weddings. Furthermore, Jews were barred from positions of public office. In the early 15th century, the Laws of Valladolid were passed, a series of anti-Jewish legislation. These laws stripped the Jews of Valladolid of their autonomy, which included the right to have their own court system. Additionally, Jews and Moors were prohibited from leaving Castille. In 1432, however, officials in Valladolid met with Don Abraham [[Benveniste]] in the [[Jewish quarter (diaspora)|Jewish quarter]] of the city, and agreed to restore Jewish autonomy. [[Converso]] poet [[Juan de Valladolid]] wrote poems criticizing treatment of Jews in Valladolid.<ref>{{cite web |title=Valladolid |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/valladolid |website=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref> Jewish life in Valladolid was nonexistent in the 16th century, after the [[Expulsion of the Jews from Spain|expulsion of the Jews]].